ABSTRACT
Objective:To investigate the physiological response of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma with different phenotypes to high light stress under farmland cultivation mode， and to provide theoretical support for breeding of and fine management of new varieties of farmland ginseng. Method:Four-year-old ginseng plants with different stem colors were used as materials， and blue film was replaced by the colorless and translucent film for performing high light stress and investigating the change of growth status， light response curve， photosynthetic and fluorescence parameters of ginseng leaves. Meanwhile， the physiological adaptability and cell ultrastructural differences of ginseng with different phenotypes for strong light were compared by analyzing the variation of leaf ultrastructural characteristics before and after the stress. Result:The color of ginseng leaves became weak and the content of chlorophyll was greatly decreased with burning phenomenon on the leaf margin under high light stress. The maximum net photosynthetic rate and light saturation point of purple-stem ginseng were higher than those of green-stem ginseng. Transpiration rate， water use efficiency and other gas exchange parameters of purple-stem ginseng had adversity advantages， photosynthetic electron transport rate， maximum photochemical efficiency， photochemical quenching coefficient and other chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were higher than those of green-stem ginseng. There were changes in ultrastructure of the two germplasms， and the plasmolysis of green-stem ginseng was more obvious， its chloroplast membrane ruptured， the contents were exuded and the accumulation of starch grains and osmiophilic bodies increased. The chloroplast membrane structure of purple-stem germplasm was relatively stable， and its number of multivesicular bodies increased significantly by comparing with that of green-stem ginseng under high light. Conclusion:High light stress inhibits the leaf growth of farmland ginseng with different stem colors. The photosynthetic efficiency of green-stem ginseng is obviously reduced， and the integrity of chloroplast is damaged， leading to the weak physiological resistance. The purple-stem ginseng can reduce the damage of the photosynthetic system of plants under high light stress by its special cell structure and non-photochemical quenching advantages. Therefore， the purple-stem ginseng can be cultivated into a new resistant variety.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Accurate intraoperative diagnosis of sentinel lymph node (SLN) metastases enables the selection of patients for axillary lymph node dissections during the same operation, reducing the need for a second operation. The present study aimed to prospectively compare the GeneSearch(TM) Breast Lymph Node (BLN) Assay with touch imprint cytology (TIC) for intraoperative evaluation of SLNs.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>SLNs were sectioned in 1.5 - 3.0 mm pieces. TIC was performed on all pieces and the BLN Assay and postoperative histology evaluations were performed on different alternating node pieces. Overall performance of the BLN Assay was compared with that of TIC relative to the postoperative histology results.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 90 patients enrolled in the study. Complete intraoperative data for both the BLN Assay and TIC were collected in 86 patients. The sensitivity, specificity, and overall accuracy of the BLN Assay were 82%, 97%, and 92%, respectively on a per patient basis compared with those of TIC which were 67%, 100%, and 90%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Performance of the BLN Assay was superior to that of TIC and the additional application of TIC did not help improve the total sensitivity and accuracy of the intraoperative assessment. The existence of ectopic breast tissue might be a possible cause of false positive for the BLN assay. In addition, the BLN Assay complements histopathology assessment and can minimize sampling error without increasing pathologists' workload.</p>