ABSTRACT
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)has become one of the most common chronic liver diseases in children, which has a wide spectrum including the nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)with its clinical consequences.At least 50% of obese children present NAFLD.Increased levels of free fatty acids and insulin resistance play major roles in NAFLD progression, resulting in excessive accumulation of triglycerides in hepatocytes.Lactobacillus rhamnoides is one of the most thoroughly studied intestinal probiotics, and its role in NAFLD progress has been growingly concerned.Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG alleviates NAFLD in children by improving intestinal microbiota dysbiosis, increasing intestinal barrier integrity, promoting fatty acid β-oxidation, and reducing hepatic triglyceride accumulation via regulating bile acid metabolism.Recent studies have shown that microRNAs are involved in multiple pathways to alleviate NAFLD-associated lipid metabolism disorders, which are functional as noninvasive diagnostic marker of fatty liver disease in children.This review mainly summarizes that Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG improves NAFLD in children from multiple metabolic pathways, aiming to provide a new strategy and target for the treatment and early diagnosis of NAFLD in children.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of children with hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and herpetic angina (HA) in Wenzhou City and the influence of meteorological factors on the pathogenesis, and to provide basis for early warning and disease prevention.Methods:A total of 62 809 children diagnosed with HFMD and 56 005 with HA in the 2nd Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children′s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University during 2012 to 2017 were enrolled. The meteorological factors during 2012 to 2017 were collected monthly. The data were analyzed using Spearman rank correlation and multivariant linear stepwise regression model.Results:The number of cases of HFMD and HA began to rise in the spring, and decreased after reaching the peak from May to July. Then there was a secondary peak from September to December, and the incidence decreased significantly in winter. Univariate correlation analysis showed that the effects of different meteorological factors on HFMD and HA were basically the same. Multivariant linear stepwise regression analysis showed that there was a positive correlation between monthly mean temperature (X) and the number of HFMD cases. The regression equation was Y=-161.450+ 53.828X ( F=22.250, P<0.01). Monthly mean relative humidity (X 1) and temperature (X 2) were positively associated with the number of HA cases. The regression equation was Y=-3 521.196+ 46.814X 1+ 41.762X 2 ( F=18.351, P<0.01). Conclusions:The trends of onset time of HFMD and HA are similar. The meteorological factors are closely related to HFMD and HA, and their incidence trends are significantly affected by meteorological changes.