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Objective:To analyze the characteristics of the molecular transmission network of newly-diagnosed human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infected individuals in Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province, and to provide evidence for epidemic trend and prevention.Methods:The plasma samples from 423 antiretroviral-naive HIV-1/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients from August 2018 to December 2019 were collected, and the pol gene fragments of HIV-1 from 375 samples were amplified by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nested PCR. The phylogenetic tree was constructed to analyze the molecular transmission network for subtypes and different gene distances by MEGA 6.0 software, HyPhy software and Cytoscape 3.7.2. Mutations on drug resistance was analyzed by online software tool of the HIV drug resistance database of Stanford University. Results:Eight subtypes were found in the 375 samples. Circulating recombinant form (CRF)07_BC(215/375, 57.33%) and CRF01_AE(103/375, 27.47%) were the major subtypes, followed by CRF85_BC, CRF55_01B, B, C, and CRF01_AE/B subtypes. One hundred and ninety-four individuals (51.73%) were connected to the transmission network at 1.50% genetic distance with 24 clusters. One hundred and twenty-nine individuals (34.40%) were connected to the transmission network at 0.75% genetic distance with 30 clusters, and 35 elderly patients were clustered in CL1.Forty-two cases had surveillance drug resistance mutation (SDRM), the prevalence of transmitted drug resistance was 11.20%(42/375). Thirty-eight cases had the drug mutations to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, including K103 N(32/375, 8.53%), K103 S(4/375, 1.07%), Y188 L(1/375, 0.27%) and G190 A(1/375, 0.27%); four cases had the mutations to protease inhibitor, including M46 I(3/375, 0.80%) and V82 A(1/375, 0.27%). The cluster C2 sequences carried a high proportion of resistant mutations (94.29%, 33/35). Conclusions:HIV-1 subtypes in Shaoxing City are diverse and the CRF07_BC subtype spreads rapidly. The elderly patients with drug resistance genes in cluster CL1 at 0.75% gene distance need to be intervened immediately to prevent the drug resistance virus spread.
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Objective To investigate the sleep quality of older adults in Shaoxing City and to examine its influencing factors. Methods Based on a cross-sectional questionnaire survey, a cluster sampling method was adopted to collect participants. Five villages were chosen randomly from 20 in the Yuecheng district of Shaoxing. The respondents were adults aged more than 60 years in the 5 villages. In total,1 303 adults participated,including 603 men and 700 women,and the average age was(70.99±7.38). The information related to sociodemographic factors,health status,sleep characteristics,and behavioral and lifestyle factors were collected.A chi-square test and variance analysis were used to compare sleep quality and sleep duration among participants. An ordinal regression model was adopted to examine the factors influencing sleep quality. Results One hundred and ninety-six (15.0%) older adults reported that sleep quality was always bad during the past year, 180(13.8%)reported that sleep quality was bad occasionally, and 927(71.1%)reported that sleep quality was good every day.The average sleep duration of participants was(6.64±1.38)h per night,and sleep durations for older adults who reported that sleep quality was always bad, bad occasionally, and good every day were (4.21 ± 1.13) h, (6.12 ± 1.40) h, and (7.26 ± 1.39) h, respectively,and older adults with poor sleeping quality had a shorter sleep duration(F=421.828,P<0.001). Being a woman, more than 80 years old, not working, and taking sleeping pills were risk factors for poor sleep quality with ORs (95% CI) of 1.492 (1.132-1.964), 1.564 (1.108-2.206), 1.331 (1.015-1.747), and 14.614(7.164-29.844),respectively.Conclusions Elderly individuals in Shaoxing had poor sleep quality. The sleep quality of those who were women, were oldest and took sleeping pills is cause for concern. Encouraging them to engage in work may improve their sleeping status.
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OBJECTIVE To investigate the existance of class Ⅰ gene integron and transposon(merA and tnpA) gene marker in Escherichia coli isolated from the elderly patients.METHODS Antibiotic sensitivity was performed by microdilution test.Integron gene IntⅠ1 and transposon marker genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction(PCR).The PCR products were purified and sequenced.RESULTS E.coli resistant to amikacin accounted for 60%,to sulfamethoxazole 95%,and to third-generation cephalosporin 100%(all ESBLs-producing strains).The resistance was related closely to the class Ⅰ integron.The positive rate of integron intⅠ1 was 80%(16/20),whereas the positive rate of gene merA was only 10%(2/20).Gene tnpA was not tested out.CONCLUSIONS The drug resistance of E.coli has close relation with transmission of integron and transposon.The transposons of Tn21/Tn501 are all firstly reported in China.
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OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence of sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim(SXT)-resistance genes and drug resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from the old patients.METHODS Drug resistance of 20 E.coli strains were analyzed.The SXT-resistance genes(sul1,dfrA1,dfrA12 and dfrA17)were detected by polymerase chain reaction(PCR).The PCR products were purified and sequenced.RESULTS In 20 E.coli strains,95.0% were SXT resistant.The positive rate of genes of sul1,dfrA12 and dfrA17 were 80.0%,20.0% and 65.0%.Gene of dfrA1 was not detected out,17 strains of E.coli were found dfrA gene.The SXT-resistance gene dfrA or sul1 was detected in 18 of the 20 strains.CONCLUSIONS The SXT resistance of E.coli can be caused mainly by gene expression of dfrA and sul1,and the genes of sul1,dfrA12 and dfrA17 are all firstly found and reported in China.
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OBJECTIVE To investigate the chloramphenicol-resistant gene in Escherichia coli strains isolated from the old patients.METHODS Twenty strains of E.coli were clinically isolated.The resistance genes were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and verified by DNA sequencing.RESULTS The positive rates of catB and cmlA were 20% and 20%,respectively.Two strains of E.coli were found containing catB gene and cmlA gene.CONCLUSIONS The resistance to chloramphenicol in these 20 strains of E.coli has a close relation to antimicrobial-resistance gene existed,and the genes of catB and cmlA in E.coli are all firstly found and reported in China.
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OBJECTIVE To investigate the ?-lactamases in Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated from the elderly patients.METHODS We had an observation on 20 strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae about 15 kinds of ?-lactamase gene test(blaTEM,blaSHV,blaLEN,laOKP,blaCTX-M-1 group,blaCTX-M-2 group,blaCTX-M-9 group,blaOXA-1 group,blaOXA-2 group,blaOXA-10 group,blaGES,blaPER,blaVEB,blaDHA,and blaACT-1).RESULTS Six kinds of ?-lactamase genes had been found out from these 20 strains of K.pneumoniae,namely,blaTEM,blaSHV,blaCTX-M-1 group,blaCTX-M-9 group,blaOXA-1 group,and blaDHA.Their positives were 95%,30%,50%,5%,5% and 15%.Among these 20 strains of K.pneumoniae,there were 19 ones of K.pneumoniae which at least contained 1 kind of ?-lactamase genes.Fifteen strains of K.pneumoniae were found containing more than 2 kinds of ?-lactamase genes,at the same time.Some were even tested out having 4 kinds of ?-lactamase genes.CONCLUSIONS The resistance of ?-lactamase antibiotics of these 20 strains of K.pneumoniae has a close relative to the number of ?-lactamase.