ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To understand the prevalence of chronic diseases and the demands of pharmaceutical care in the ederly, and to explore the content and mode of pharmaceutical care for elderly people. METHODS: A questionnaire survey was conducted in 1262 people over 60 years old, and the data were processed by SPSS. RESULTS: Respondents' prevalence rate of chronic diseases was as high as 95.2%, the top three chronic diseases was hypertension, bone hyperplasia/osteoporosis and coronary heart disease. The respondents' cognition and evaluation of pharmacists and pharmaceutical care needed to be improved, their pharmaceutical care needs mainly concentrated in the popularization education of medication particularity, the detailed explanation of drug instructions and the coping measures to common adverse drug reactions; lectures, face-to-face communication, pamphlets were more acceptable for the elderly to carry out pharmaceutical care. CONCLUSION: The health status of the elderly is not optimistic, and they generally have an urgent need for pharmaceutical care. Pharmacists should improve their ability, to carry out various pharmaceutical care to meet the needs of the elderly.
ABSTRACT
Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions (EMIs) are critical for tooth development. Molecular mechanisms mediating these interactions in root formation is not well understood. Laser capture microdissection (LCM) and subsequent microarray analyses enable large scale in situ molecular and cellular studies of root formation but to date have been hindered by technical challenges of gaining intact histological sections of non-decalcified mineralized teeth or jaws with well-preserved RNA. Here,we describe a new method to overcome this obstacle that permits LCM of dental epithelia,adjacent mesenchyme,odontoblasts and cementoblasts from mouse incisors and molars during root development. Using this method,we obtained RNA samples of high quality and successfully performed microarray analyses. Robust differences in gene expression,as well as genes not previously associated with root formation,were identified. Comparison of gene expression data from microarray with real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) supported our findings. These genes include known markers of dental epithelia,mesenchyme,cementoblasts and odontoblasts,as well as novel genes such as those in the fibulin family. In conclusion,our new approach in tissue preparation enables LCM collection of intact cells with well-preserved RNA allowing subsequent gene expression analyses using microarray and RT-PCR to define key regulators of tooth root development.