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OBJECTIVE To provide a reference for the improvement of the clinical pharmacy undergraduate internship education in China. METHODS The status of clinical pharmacy undergraduate internship education in China was briefly summarized， and suggestions on its future development based on advanced methods of domestic and abroad were provided. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS In China， undergraduate students of clinical pharmacy were required to undergo hospital internships for no less than 42 weeks. The internship took place in both pharmacy and clinical departments in hospitals. Students’ performance was usually assessed at the end of the internship. The mainstream teaching patterns included on-site teaching， simulation teaching， case-based discussion teaching， medical and pharmaceutical joint teaching， team-based teaching， academic exchange， and so on. The form of assessment had also shifted from final evaluations to more dynamic formats. The clinical pharmacy undergraduate internship education in China can adopt teaching models such as the layered teaching approach， establish pre-internship assessment or training， and encourage interns to participate in social pharmacy practice and directly interact with patients， etc.， so as to improve the effect of internship.
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Objective To investigate the effect of hydrochloric acid (HCl) stimulation and mechanical stretch on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and hyaluronan (HA) production in human lung epithelial cells. Methods Human lung epithelial cell line BEAS-2B was cultured in vitro, which was divided into phosphate-buffer saline (PBS) + static group, HCl + static group, PBS + stretch group, and HCl + stretch group respectively in the logarithmic phase. The BEAS-2B cells in two stretching groups were challenged by cyclic stretch with 20% amplitude, frequency of 0.33 Hz, sine wave of the FX-5000T system for 48 hours. The morphology changes in cells before and after stretch were observed with inverted microscope. The protein expressions of epithelial markers E-cadherin and cytokeratin-8 (CK-8) as well as mesenchymal markers vimentin and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were determined by Western Blot. The secretion of HA was determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results ① It was shown by microscopic observation that BEAS-2B cells displayed cobblestone morphology, linked closely and cell polarity in PBS + static group, which did not change obviously after HCl stimulation alone. Given purely mechanical stretch after 48 hours, the cells morphology changed from cobblestone shape into long spindle, and increased intercellular space obviously. Double hit of HCl and stretch changed the cells morphology more significantly. ② It was shown by Western Blot that compared with the PBS + static group, HCl alone or combined with purely mechanical stretch after 48 hours, the expressions of E-cadherin and CK-8 were decreased, while those of vimentin and α-SMA were increased, and it was more pronounced in HCl + stretch group [the expression quantity (gray value) as base 1 in PBS + static group, E-cadherin: 0.16±0.08 vs. 1, CK-8: 0.10±0.03 vs. 1, vimentin: 3.35±0.38 vs. 1, α-SMA: 3.10±0.45 vs. 1, all P < 0.01]. ③ It was shown by ELISA that both HCl stimulation and stretch could induce BEAS-2B cells secreting HA as compared with PBS + static group (μg/L: 55.763±0.687, 63.005±0.493 vs. 49.876±1.867), and the production of HA increased more remarkably after double hit (μg/L: 78.220±1.085 vs. 49.876±1.867, P < 0.01). Conclusions Both HCl and mechanical stretch could induce EMT and increase HA secretion in human lung epithelial cells in vitro. Double hit of HCl stimulation and mechanical stretch induced EMT apparently, and further increased the production of HA.
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Objective To explore the pharmacodynamic effect of Sophora flavescens alkaloid(SFA)gels for the treatment of vaginal candidiasis on animal models. Method The BALB/c mice models having vaginal candidiasis were prepared. The animals were divided into four groups:the model group,the blank gel group,the SFA gel group,and the ketoconazole cream group. The regi?mens were administered to the animals once a day for seven days. Before treatment and after the fourth and seventh treatments ,the vag?inal smears were collected and Gram-stained. The vaginal washings were cultured to detect Candida albicans. On day 7,the mice were sacrificed and the vaginal tissues were excised for pathological detection. Results Compared with the model and the blank gel groups,the SFA gel and ketoconazole cream groups reduced the C. albicans colonies in the vagina. Moreover,the SFA gels increased the number of Lactobacillus,the helpful bacteria in vagina but the ketoconazole creams did not. The SFA gels and ketoconazole creams inhibited the growth of C. albicans according to the investigation of in vitro culture of vaginal washings(P<0.01). Furthermore,the SFA gels inhibited the inflammatory hyperplasia and edema. Conclusion The therapeutic action of SFA gels on vaginal candidiasis is achieved by inhibiting the growth of candidiasis,promoting lactobacillus growth and inhibiting the inflammatory hyperplasia.
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Because of the unique molecular structure and stable performance of yolk immunoglobulin ( IgY) , it has been a hot spot in the field of antibody research.As a new type of vaccine, nucleic acid vaccine has more advantages than most traditional vaccines, such as production cost, immunizing dose and immune protection.The approach combining the advantages of nucleic acid vaccine and IgY production in egg yolk and suck IgY has wide scope of application.In this re-view, we introduce a quick and inexpensive production method of IgY, namely, IgY produced by nucleic acid vaccine im-munization.
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Aim To detect the effects of cetuximab combined with adriamycin on the proliferation and ap-optosis of triple-negative breast cancer cells.Methods Cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay.The cell apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry with propidi-um iodide staining.JC-1 staining was used to deter-mine mitochondrial membrane potential.The expres-sions of glucose regulated protein78 (GRP-78),Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 were measured with Western blot.Re-sults MTT assay showed that cetuximab had inhibi-tion effect on the breast cancer cell MDA-MB-231 growth,and the effect was related to concentration of drug.The inhibition effect of adriamycin on MDA-MB-231 had remarkabe relationship with time and concen-tration.When combined with each other,they could re-markably increase inhibition effect.The viability of cells in combination group for 1 2 h,24 h,48 h,sig-nificantly lower than that in cetuximab or adriamycin group (P group (P <0.01 ).JC-1 staining indicated that cetux-imab or adriamycin could reduce the mitochondrial membrane potential,but the reduction effect was more remarkable in the combination group.Western blot re-vealed that cetuximab could reduce the expression of GRP-78 and Bcl-2,and increased the expression of Caspase-3 and its activity.The expressions of Bcl-2, Caspase-3 had no significant change in adriamycin group,but GRP-78 was increased.In combination group,the expression of GRP-78 and Bcl-2 was signifi-cantly decreased,but Caspase-3 was increased nota-blely compared to adriamycin group.Conclusions The combination of cetuximab and adriamycin enhances the inhibition effect on the triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells,and increases cell apoptosis.The mechanism may be that cetuximab reduces the endo-plasmic reticulum stress level,then activates the mito-chondrial pathways by decreasing the expression of Bcl-2,reducing the mitochondrial membrane potential,and promoting cell apoptosis.
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OBJECTIVE:To prepare and evaluate the quality of Quetiapine fumarate solid lipid nanoparticles(QF-SLN)in situ nasal gel. METHODS:With the oil phase of dissoned glycerin monostearate,emulsifier of sorbitan oleate,and co-emulsifier of n-butyl alcohol,the proportion of emulsifier and co-emulsifier (Km) was screened by ternary phase diagrams. QF-SLN was pre-pared through the micro-emulsion technology,the gelling temperature was set as index,the mass fraction of poloxamerln 407 (P407)and P188 of in situ gel formulation was optimized by the central composite design-response surface methodology. in situ for-mation of QF-SLN was examined by transmission electron microscope,the particle size and potential distribution were determined by Malvern laser granularity equipment,and the encapsulation efficiency and stability were determined by the ultrafiltration centri-fuge tube and HPLC. RESULTS:The formulation of solid lipid nanoparticlesl was biggest at Km=1∶9. The optimized formulation was with 21% P407,5.6% P188 and 73.4% water. The prepared QF-SLN in situ nasal gel was uniform sphere,with an average particle size of (136.3 ± 6.4) nm and encapsulation efficiency of (97.60 ± 0.48)%. There were no obvious changes in the particle size and entrapment efficiency at 4℃within one month. CONCLUSIONS:The QF-SLN in situ nasal gel is successfully prepared.
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Objective To explore the causes of rising carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates by analysis of the carbapenemase genotypes in A .baumannii .Methods WHONET 5 .4 was used to analyze the changing resistance profile of A .baumannii isolates over years .A total of 320 carbapenem‐resistant A .baumannii isolates were collected from the patients in an intensive care unit from January 2008 to December 2012 .All strains were identified and tested by VITEK 2 for their susceptibility .The metallo‐β‐lactamases genes and OXA carbapenemase genes were investigated by polymerase chain reaction . Results The resistance rate of A .baumannii isolates to meropenem and imipenem increased rapidly from 10 .8% to 80 .4% and from 13 .5% to 83 .5% during the period from 2008 and 2012 .The prevalence of blaOXA‐23and ISAba1‐associated blaOXA‐23genes increased from 25 .0% to 97 .1% .No metallo‐β‐lactamase encoding genes were detected .Conclusions Our results indicate that the rising carbapenem resistance in the A . baumannii isolates in our intensive care unit may be associated with the high prevalence of blaOXA‐23 and IS A ba1‐associated blaOXA‐23 genes .
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Objective To develop an LC-MS/MS method for determining the concentration of wogonin in dog plasma and investigate the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability by different administrations of wogonin in Beagle's dogs. Methods LC-MS/MS was employed in determining the concentration of wogonin with the selected ion monitoring model after liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate of dog plasma samples. The lower limit of quantification was 0.105 μg/L. Target ions were at m/z 285.0→270.0 for wogonin and 373.3→305.3 for finasteride. In a randomized, self-control, and cross-over study, six male Beagle's dogs were treated with different administration methods in three test periods. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated with DAS software (Ver. 2.0). Results The calibration curve was linear in the range of 0.105-107.36 μg/L for wogonin in dog plasma samples. The main pharmacokinetic parameters of ig administration (native drug of 15 mg/kg and solution preparation of 5 mg/kg) and iv route were as follows: Cmax (2.5 ± 1.1), (7.9 ± 3.3), and (6838.7 ± 1322.1) μg/L, tmax (0.7 ± 0.3) and (0.3 ± 0.2) h for the both former, AUC0-1 (7.1 ± 2.0), (21.0 ± 3.2), and (629.7 ±111.8) μg·h/L. The absolute bioavailability of native and solution of wogonin were (0.59 ± 0.35)% and (3.65 ± 2.00)%, respectively. Conclusion The validated method is convenient, sensitive, and specific, and the improvement of wogonin solubility could remarkably increase the absolute bioavailability.
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Objective To investigate effects of morning blood pressure surge (MBPS) on cardiac remodeling and cardiovascular events in patients with essential hypertension.Methods Totally,386 patients with essential hypertension were recruited into the study,146 with MBPS and 240 without it based on their dynamic blood pressure monitoring.All the patients were monitored by 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure measurements,24-hour Holter electrocardiography and echocardiography for dynamic blood pressure,left ventricular mass index (LVMI),left atrial dimension (LAD),atrial and ventricular arrhythmias and ST depression,and so on.Results Compared with non-MBPS group,patients with MBPS had significantly higher incidence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH),enlargement of left atrial dimension,cardiac arrhythmias and myocardial ischemia detected,with LVMI [( 119 ±21 ) g/m2 vs.(93 ±12) g/m2,P＜0.01],LAD [(46±11) mmvs.(38±10) mm,P＜0.05],LVH (67.1% vs.30.4%,P ＜0.01 ),atrial premature beats (98.6% vs.84.2%,P ＜ 0.05 ),atrial tachycardia ( 54.1% vs.20.8%,P ＜ 0.01 ),atrial fibrillations ( 24.0% vs.0,P ＜ 0.0l ); ventricular premature beats and ventricular tachycardia ( 79.5% vs.57.9%,P ＜ 0.05,and 6.8% vs.2.5%,P ＜ 0.05 ),ST-segment depression (33.6% vs.13.8%,P ＜ 0.01 ),respectively.And,53.2 percent of cardiac arrhythmia and 57.6 percent of ST-segment depression occurred at six to eight o'clock in the morning.Blood pressure early in the morning and MBPS associated with ST-segment depression at the corresponding time ( P ＜ 0.05 ).Conclusions LVH is more significant,cardiac arrhythmias is severer and myocardial ischemia is more common in hypertensive patients with MBPS than that in those of non-MBPS.
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OBJECTIVE To master the pathogenic conditions,clinical characteristic,and diagnostic clues about AIDS combinated with penicilliosis marneffei and malignant lymphoma.METHODS The clinical data about AIDS combinated with penicilliosis marneffei and malignant lymphoma were summarized in order to learn by experience.RESULTS The clinical symptoms of AIDS combinated with penicilliosis marneffei and malignant lymphoma could be unique,but most were various,the primary symptoms were always fever and enlargement of liver and spleen.CONCLUSIONS AIDS combinated with penicilliosis marneffei is common to be seen,but with penicilliosis marneffei and malignant lymphoma are rarely seen in the clinics,which should be taken high attention.
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s: Recently, following the development of basic experimental research, great progress has been acquired in the fields of the understanding and management of the acute coronary syndromes (ACS). This review summarizes the molecular and cellular bases, the management of the unstable plaque, risk stratification and the management of ACS.
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Objective:Comparing differences between transesophageal and the intracardia electrophysiologic study,to assure the clinical value of transesophageal pacing on diagnosis of various types of supraventricular tachycardia and different accessory pathway. Methods: Comparing the results of transesophageal atrial pacing(TEAP) and electrophysiological study(EPS) in 142 patients during radiofrequency ablation.Results:Atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia(AVRT)with anterograde,P_(V1)-P_E was more than 25ms,R-P_E was more than 75 ms,with the exception of right septal accessory pathway(RSAP) P_(V1)-P_E was more than 25ms,R-P_E more than 75 ms,with the exception of right septal accessory pathway(RSAP) P_(V1)-P_E was 0,R-P_E more than 75 ms,in patient with atrial reentrant tachycardia(ART)P_(V1)P_E more than 25 ms,R-P_E more than 150 ms and R-P_E more than PE-R.Atrioventricular junctional reentrant tachycardia(AVNRT)P_(V1)-P_E less than 25 ms.R-P_E less than 70 ms.Conclusion:Transesophagus P_(V1)-P_E and R-P_E hold great clinical value on diagnosis of various types of supraventricular tachycardia and different accessory pathway.
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Objective:To investigate the couse of 24 cases AVB during RFCA and 5 cases after RFCA in total 94 AVNRT patients. Methods:94 AVNRT patients received RFCA in which time, the energy and power were gradually discussed. The correlation among AVB and both different anatomical positions (upper, middle and lower zone) and A/V, H-value in intraventricular ablation mapping were studied respectively. Results: With the elevation of ablation zone, the AVB risk was also increased. The intraventricular ablation mapping showed that:①Increase of A/V and H-value means higher AVB risk;② Simultaneous increase of A/V and H-value would lead to the most dangerous result. Conclusion:It is of great importance to perform RFCA under such situation:middle and lower zone as ablation positions multiple-peak A wave, A/V(0.1-0.25) and no H or slightest H(≤0.02?0.03)mV are present in intraventricular ablation mapping, which could significantly lower the risk of RFCA-related AVB.
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Objective To investigate the levels of IL-18,Th1(IL-2,TNF-?) and Th2(IL-4,IL-10) in patients with lung cancer and their relation to clinical pathological stages.Methods Totally 109 lung cancer patients were of 45 squamous cancer,40 adenocarcinoma,18 small cell lung cancer and 6 large cell carcinoma.Serum levels of IL-18,TNF-?,IL-2,IL-4 and IL-10 were determined by using an ELISA assay in 109 lung cancer patients and in 30 normal people.Results The levels of IL-18,TNF-? and IL-2 were significantly lower and the levels of IL-4 and IL-10 were significantly higher in lung cancer patients than in controls(P
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Objective To summarize the experiences and long-term follow-up results in the treatment of severe mitral stenosis by balloon expansion in one step. Methods A new one-step method for direct mitral balloon expansion of the mitral valve was performed in 492 patients with mitral stenosis. Their mean age was 41.2?10.5y (15-68 y). 156 patients were male, and 336 were female. Results PBMV was effectively performed in 492 cases,and the success rate was 98.2% (483/492);mitral valve area was enlarged from 0.89?0.18cm 2 to 2.21?0.41cm 2 . 211 cases were followed-up from 8 months to 98 months. Restenosis rate for the dilated mitral valve was 11.4% (24/211),death rate 4.2%(9/211),and mitral valve replacement was done in 5.2% (11/211). Mean operation time was 36.5?12.1min. Conclusion Percutaneous mitral commissurotomy by balloon dilatation gave excellent immediate and late clinical results.
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Angiotensin II (Ang II ) is an effector of rein-angiotensin system. Ang II receptors mediate its biological effects. An analysis of radioactive ligand demostrated that mammalian exists AT1 receptor and AT2 receptor subtype. AT1 receptor exists three isoforms, AT1A, AT1B and AT1c receptor subtype in rat and mouse. The AT3 and the AT4 subtype receptors had been cloned, but their structure and function were unknown. The AT1 receptor belongs to the superfamily of seven trans-membrane domain, G-protein-coupled receptors and was 20%~ 30% homologous to other G-protein-coupled receptors. The AT1 receptor mainly exists in vessel, heart and adrenal glands in adult animals. The AT2 receptor only has 32% amino acid sequences homologous to AT1 receptor and mainly exists in embronic tissue and intersti-tium. Recent studies have shown that the AT1 receptor may mediate most of the biological functionof Ang I . The AT1 receptor mediates promoting the expression of growth-related inducible transcription factors such as c-fos, c-jun and c-myc, and inducing myocardial cell hypertrophy, cardiac fibroblasts proliferation and interstitial collagen deposition. The AT1 receptor antagonist can reverse myocardial hypertrophy and collagen accumulation induced by hypertension, but the AT2 receptor antagonist can't. The biological function of the AT2 receptor is little known. The AT2 receptor may mediate inhibit on of growth factor-induced cell proliferation, oposite AT1 receptor-induced mi-togenic effect and induce apoptosis. The AT1 receptor and AT2 receptor subtype in myocardial tissue may regulate the genesis and development of myocardial remodeling in hypertension togather.
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Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV) in patients with mitral stenosis (MS) and atrial fibrillation (Af) Methods The success rates of PBMV, changes of hemodynamic and echocardiographic indices after PBMV, restenosis rates during follow up and complications were observed in 125 patients with MS and Af (group Ⅰ) and 225 patients with MS in sinus arrhythmia (group Ⅱ) Results The success rate was 96% (120/125) and 99 6% (224/225) respectively in two groups ( P 0 05) respectively in two groups, but 5 cases of systemic embolization all occurred in group Ⅰ Conclusion PBMV was effective in patients with MS and Af, but not as good as in patients with sinus arrhythmia, so in patients with Af it should be much careful to select for PBMV and to prevent systemic embolization