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Objective: To evaluate the quality consistency of four domestic nifedipine sustained release tablets by dissolution test and virtual bioequivalence study by GastroPlus software.Methods: The dissolution curves of the four preparations were determined with the methods described in Japanese orange book and Chinese Pharmacopeia.The f2 factor of dissolution curves was calculated to compare the similarity.The in vitro dissolution data of the original preparation were combined with GastroPlus software to obtain the simulated in vivo absorption curves which were correlated with the actual concentration-time curves.The suitable dissolution medium was selected to evaluate the quality of domestic nifedipine sustained release tablets according to the better in vivo-in vitro correlation (IVIVC).The simulated in vivo absorption parameters obtained from the dissolution data combined with GastroPlus software were used to conduct the virtual bioequivalence study of domestic nifedipine sustained release tablets compared with the original products.Results: The f2 similar factors of the four domestic nifedipine sustained release tablets compared with the original preparation were all less than 50.Compared with that from the method in Japanese orange book, the correlation between the dissolution profiles in vitro and in vivo of original nifedipine sustained release tablets obtained from the method in Chinese Pharmacopoeia was better.The deviation between the simulated Cmax and AUC0-∞ values of the four test tablets and the measured values of the original preparation was within the range of ±20%.Conclusion: The dissolution curves of the four domestic nifedipine sustained release tablets are not similar to that of the original preparation, however, the four preparations are all bioequivalent to the original preparation according to the simulated absorption parameters based on the dissolution method in Chinese Pharmacopeia and GastroPlus software.
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Some new types of microemulsion using phospholipids as the main surfactant were prepared for electrokinetic chromatography and the quantitative structure-retention relationship of neutral solutes in these microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC) systems was studied by solvation parameters model.By using dynamic coating capillary, and with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and dodecyl benzene as the marker of electroosmotic flow and microemulsion droplets, a total of 17 kinds of stable microemulsions containing soybean phospholipids or other surfactants were prepared and the linear salvation energy relationship equations were developed for these MEEKC systems with 26 small neutral compounds.The coefficients of linear solvation energy relationship (LSER) equations were used to evaluate the similarity of two MEEKC systems.Results indicated that LSER characteristics of phospholipids-MEEKC systems were similar to those of other microemulsion systems.The volume and hydrogen bond basicity of solutes were mostly contributed to the retention in MEEKC.The different types and concentration of oil phase had no evident influence on the retention.
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Objective To observe the adverse reaction of Xuebijing injection and its prognosis.Methods 27 cases with adverse reactions caused by Xuebijing injection were collected.The clinical data,including medication time,dosage,combined medication,adverse reaction,clinical treatment and prognosis were analyzed.Results The dose of Xuebijing injection in 27 ADR patients were 10-50mL,mean (28.4 ± 4.3) mL.In 27 patients,males were significantly more than females(66.7％ vs.33.3％),40-70 years old patients were significantly higher than other age groups,the differences were statistically significant(x2 =6.000,20.691,all P ＜ 0.05).In 27 cases of adverse reactions,the highest proportion of skin in the involved organs was 48.1％,which was significantly higher than other organs,the difference was statistically significant(x2 =18.796,P ＜ 0.05).The highest proportion of 5-30min in adverse reaction time was 51.9％,which was significantly higher than that of less than 5min(25.9％) and 30min (22.2％),the difference was statistically significant (x2 =6.333,P ＜ 0.05).After stopping the treatment,the hormone,calcium gluconate,oxygen treatment and the expansion treatment,the patients all obviously improved or cured.The symptom disappearance time was 10minutes to 3 days,mean (39.5 ± 10.4) min.Conclusion The adverse reactions of Xuebijing injection are more common in men,and most of them are caused by the use of 5-30min.The highest proportion is skin involvement,the clinical work should pay attention to prevention and treatment.
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Objective To investigate the mechanism of linezolid resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis ( MRSE) strains isolated in Hangzhou area. Methods Twenty-three linezolid-re-sistant Staphylococcus epidermidis ( LRSE) strains were isolated from the patients with septicaemia, urinary tract infection or infectious pleuritis in several hospitals in Hangzhou area during May, 2013 to April, 2015. The minimal inhibition concentrations ( MICs) of thirteen different antibiotics against the LRSE strains were detected by using E-test. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis ( PFGE) and cluster analysis were performed for homology analysis. Correlations between linezolid resistance in the LRSE strains and G2576T mutation at theⅤ functional region of 23S rRNA gene or cfr gene were determined by PCR and sequencing analysis. Re-sults The MICs of linezolid to 15 LRSE strains were higher than 256 μg/ml while to the other 8 LRSE strains were 6 or 8 μg/ml. All of the 23 LRSE strains were resistant to both oxacillin and cefoxitin. Among the LRSE strains with high linezolid MICs (MIC>256 μg/ml), LRSE1 and LRSE2, LRSE3-LRSE6 and LRSE9-LRSE12 respectively belonged to the same clone line and came from the same hospital. All of the 23 LRSE strains carried the cfr gene. Moreover, the G2576T mutation at theⅤfunctional region of 23S rRNA gene was detected in the 15 LRSE strains with high linezolid MICs ( MIC>256 μg/ml ) , but not in the 8 strains with lower linezolid MICs ( MIC=6 or 8 μg/ml) . Conclusion There are significant differences in linezolid resistance among LRSE strains isolated in Hangzhou area. The LRSE strains are methicillin-resist-ant coagulase negative Staphylococcus ( MRCNS) strains and widely distributed. The linezolid resistance in LRSE strains is related to the G2576T mutation at theⅤfunctional region of 23S rRNA gene and cfr gene.
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BACKGROUND:Previous studies have demonstrated that normal rat liver homogenate supernatant can induce human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cels to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cels with partial hepatocyte functions. However, whether fibrotic liver homogenate supernatant can work or how the inducing effect is remains unclear. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the differentiation potential of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cels into hepatocytes under the normal liver and fibrotic liver microenvironment in vitro. METHODS:Liver fibrosis was induced in the SD rats by repeated intraperitoneal injections of 3% thioacetamide at a dose of 200 mg/kg body mass, twice a week for 4 weeks, and then fibrotic liver tissues and normal liver tissues were used to prepare liver homogenate supernatants. Passage 3 human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cels were used and divided into standard control group (cels were cultured in DMEM/F12 with 10% fetal bovine serum), fibrotic liver homogenate supernatants group (cels were cultured in DMEM/F12 with 10% fetal bovine serum and 50 g/L fibrotic liver homogenate supernatants), normal liver homogenate supernatants group (cels were cultured in DMEM/F12 with 10% fetal bovine serum and 100 g/L normal liver homogenate supernatants). The morphological changes of the cels in each group were recorded under inverted microscope; the protein levels of CK18, AFP, CYP3A4, CYP2E1, CYP2D6 and TPH2 were evaluated using western blot assay. Furthermore, the concentration of albumin in the cels was measured. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:After a 7-day inducement, the stem cels in liver homogenate supernatants groups lost their fusiform shape and changed into hepatocyte-like cels with the morphous of round shape. Compared with the standard control group, the hepatocyte-like cels in the two liver homogenate supernatants groups exhibited human hepatocyte biomarkers, CK18 and AFP. The standard control group cels could express a little amount of CYP2E1, while cels in the two liver homogenate supernatants groups could express CYP3A4, CYP2E1, CYP2D6, TPH2. Compared with the standard control group, the expression level of CYP2E1 in the two liver homogenate supernatants groups increased significantly (P 0.05). At the same time, compared with the standard control group, the concentration of albumin in the two liver homogenate supernatants groups markedly increased (P 0.05). Experimental findings demonstrated that both of normal liver tissue and fibrotic liver tissue microenvironments could induce human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cels to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cels. To achieve the same effect, compared with normal liver tissue, fibrotic liver tissue required lower concentrations, suggesting that fibrotic liver tissue microenvironment may be more conducive to differentiation of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cels into hepatocytes.
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Objective:To explore the value of clinical pharmacists in the clinical treatment of a patient with Guillain Barré syn-drome through pharmaceutical care. Methods:Clinical pharmacists participated in the entire treatment process and gave rational sug-gestions about the selection,dosage and course of the drugs,such as glucocorticoid,immunoglobulin and antibiotics. Meanwhile,clini-cal pharmacists focused on the adverse drug reactions. Results:The patient′s condition was controlled and improved gradually. During the hospitalization,the patient developed skin rash and abnormal liver function,while the symptom was improved after the anti allergy and liver protection treatment,and no obvious effect on the primary disease was shown. Conclusion:Clinical pharmacists can help to optimize treatment regimen in order to ensure the safety and effectiveness of patients’medication.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the in vivo migration of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) labeled with the PKH26 red fluorescent dye after transplantation into rats with liver cirrhosis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Frozen hUCMSCs were resuscitated and labeled with PKH26. Labeling efficiency and fluorescent maintenance time of the PKH26-1abeled cells were measured. Morphology of the labeled and unlabeled (control) cells was observed by microscopy. The cell growth curve was determined using the MTT method. The PKH26-1abeled hUCMSCs were transplanted via tail vein injection into healthy (control) rats and rats with liver cirrhosis. Migration of the PKH26-1abeled hUCMSCs observed 48 h later in frozen liver sections under a fluorescence microscope.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The labeling ratio of PKH26 to hUCMSCs was 100%. Growth of the labeled cells was good. The cell morphology was not significantly different between the labeled and unlabeled cells; all cells were long and spindle-like. Cell proliferation was not impacted significantly by labeling.Fluorescence was maintained for at least 20 days, as detected by in vitro analysis. After transplantation into the rats, the PKH26-1abeled hUCMSCs were mainly distributed in the area surrounding the portal vein, the blood vessels, and the false lobule of the cirrhotic liver; a small amount ofhUCMSCs were present in the spleen and lung.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>PKH26 is an ideal fluorescent dye to label hUCMSCs. The PKH26 labeling technique can be used to study the migration of hUCMSCs in cirrhotic liver.</p>
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Animals , Humans , Rats , Cell Proliferation , Fluorescent Dyes , Liver Cirrhosis , Mesenchymal Stem Cells , Organic Chemicals , Umbilical CordABSTRACT
Objective:To explore the value of clinical pharmacist in clinical treatment through the pharmaceutical care on a patient with Japanese B encephalitis complicated with pulmonary infection. Methods:Clinical pharmacist participated in the whole treatment process and gave suggestions on the selection,dosage and course of the drugs prescribed for anti-virus, anti-epilepsy and anti-infection by focusing on the drug interactions and adverse reactions. Results:The treatment course of the patient was smooth, and the pathoge-netic condition was brought under control gradually while no obvious adverse drug reactions occurred. Conclusion:The work of clinical pharmacist can help to optimize treatment programs to ensure the safety and effectiveness of medication.
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BACKGROUND:Preliminary experiments have demonstrated that rat liver homogenate supernatants can induce the morphological changes of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells. However, little is known about whether the induced cells have some phenotypic and functional features of hepatocytes. OBJECTIVE:To investigate whether human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells have some phenotypic and functional characteristic of hepatocytes after being induced by liver homogenate supernatants. METHODS:Passage 3 human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells were used and divided into control group (cells were cultured in basic culture medium) and liver homogenate supernatant group (cells were cultured in liver homogenate supernatants for 3, 5, 7 days). Meanwhile, positive control group (QSG-7701 human liver celllines) and negative control group (simple liver homogenate supernatants) were set up. The protein and mRNA level of hepatocyte markers, alpha-fetoprotein, cytokeratin 18 and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase enzyme, were detected at different time points. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:After inducement, the stem cells of fusiform shape began to lose their sharp edges and progressively shrunk, and then they changed into hepatocyte-like cells with the morphous of triangle, polygon and anomalism shape. Compared with the control group, the protein and mRNA level of alpha-fetoprotein, cytokeratin 18 and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase enzyme significantly increased time dependently after inducement with liver homogenate supernatants (P<0.01). This study demonstrated that human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells are able to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells in vitro that possess some functions of liver cells.
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Objective To investigate the predominant genotypes of β-lactamase in Klebsiella pneu-moniae isolates and the mechanism of antibiotic and histidine kinase inhibitor in affecting β-lactamase gene expression .Methods Tube dilution method and E-test were used to detect the susceptibility of K.pneumon-iae isolates to β-lactam antibiotics .The major genotypes of β-lactamase in β-lactam antibiotic-resistant iso-lates were identified by PCR and sequencing method .Disk diffusion test was performed to analyze the activity ofβ-lactamase .The effects of cefotaxime and histidine kinase inhibitor closantel on the expression of β-lac-tamase gene were evaluated by real-time fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR.Results All of the 118 β-lactam antibiotic-resistant K.pneumoniae isolates expressed β-lactamase, 90.7%(107/118) of which were KPC-2, TEM-1, CTX-M-14, SHV-11 and/or OXA-1 gene positive.The positive rates of TEM-1 (71.0%) and SHV-11 (64.5%) were significantly higher than that of the other three genotypes ( P<0.05).68.2%(73/107) of the isolates possessed two or more than two β-lactamase genotypes, and 30.8%(33/107) iso-lates were identified as TEM-1+SHV-11 genotype.Except for KPC-2 mRNA, the levels of TEM-1, SHV-11, CTX-M-14 and OXA-1 mRNA were significantly up-regulated by cefotaxime at MIC/4 (P<0.05), but were inhibited by 100μmol/L closantel (P<0.05).Conclusion TEM-1 and SHV-11 are the majorβ-lactamase genotypes carried by K.pneumoniae strains isolated from Zhejiang area , and TEM-1 plus SHV-11 ( TEM-1+SHV-11) is the predominant carrying mode of the β-lactamase genotypes .Sublethal dose of cefotaxime can enhance the expression of β-lactamase genes in K.pneumoniae, while the histidine kinase inhibitor , closan-tel, can block the increased expression of β-lactamase genes induced by cefotaxime .
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Objective To survey the prevalence, distribution of non-motor symptoms (NMS) in essential tremor (ET) and the relationship with disease severity and duration.Methods Fahn-Tolosa-Matin Tremor Rating Scale (TRS) was used to assess motor symptoms in 62 patients with ET.The Parkinson's disease (PD) NMS Questionnaire and T&T olfacmeter and Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) were used to explore non-motor symptoms in ET patients.Results In ET, a range of NMS occurred across all disease stages.More than half patients (51.6%, 32/62) had olfactory dysfunction,significantly higher than the healthy control group (30.0%, 18/60, x~2=12.371, P<0.05).A third had hyposmia.16.1% had partial olfactory loss.Each ET patient had 5 different NMS on average.Seven NMS were more common in ET patients than in control, including remembering, olfactory dysfunction, intense vivid dreams, anhedonia, depression, anxiety, sleep disorders.The incidences of remembering, olfactory dysfunction,intense vivid dreams were 58.1% (36/62),51.6% (32/62),48.4% (30/62), ranked top 3 in ET patients.Olfaction had inverse correlation with age, while there was a negative correlation between NMS score and TRS score, gender, disease duration and weather to be treated.Conclusion Besides posture tremor and kinetic tremor,NMS occur in ET,and should be well recognized and treated.
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Objective To study the incidence of depression in essential tremor (ET) and associated factors. Methods Depression in 62 ET patients and 60 healthy subjects as control was evaluated by means of Hamilton Depression Scale ( HAMD ) , as well as Fahn-Tolosa-Marin Tremor Rating Scale (TRS) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Results Fifty-three point two percent(33/62) of ET patients and 11.7% (7/60) of healthy subjects were found to have at least mildly depression (HAMD score of 8 or higher), 35. 5% (22/62) of ET patients and 8. 3% (5/60) of healthy subjects fell into the mildly-to-mederately depression (HAMD score between 8 and 20 ), 17.7% (11/62) of ET patients and 3.3% (2/60) of healthy subjects were classified into moderately-to-severely depressed range (HAMD score between 21 and 35). There were statistical differences in ET group and healthy subjects group (X2= 23.898, 13.043, 6.649, all P <0.01). Additionally, there were statistical differences in anxiety/ somatization (t=-6.747, P<0.01), cognitive impairment (t=-2.017, P=0.05), block(t= -4.145, P<0.01), sleep disorders (t=-4.500, P<0.01) and despair (t=-3.591, P<0.01) between depression group and non-depression group. There were marked differences in PSQI total score ( t =-3.196, P=0.003 ), subjective sleep ( F1, t=-3.037, P=0.004), quality sleep latency (F2, t= -4.674, P<0.01) and sleep disturbances (F5, t=-2.594, P=0.013 ) between depression disorder group and non-depression disorder group. Meanwhile, the score of TRS, PSQI and sex were closely correlated with HAMD (β=0.589, P=0.000 ;β=0.469,P=0.000 ;β=0.256, P=0.027 ). Conclusions The incidence of depression is high in ET. Manifestation of depression are anxiety, reduced interest in work, sleep disorders, retardneas, inferiority complex, etc. The degree of symptoms relates to the severity of ET, sleep quality and gender.
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Objective: To develop an assay for the determination of cinnamaldehyde in Cortex Cinnamomi and Shentai Plaster. Methods: Hypersil C 18 column (200?4.6mm, 5?m) was used. The mobile phase consisted of a mixture of methanol acetonitrile water tetrahydrofuran (25∶15∶55∶5) with a flow rate of 0.8mL?min -1 . The detection wavelength was at 285 nm. Results: The calibration curve was linear in the range of 32～320ng for cinnamaldehyde ( r =0.9995). The average recoveries of cinnamaldehyde in Cortex Cinnamomi and Shentai Plaster were 97.8% (RSD=3.0%) and 92.2% (RSD=2.9%), respectively. Conclusion: This HPLC method is simple, rapid and accurate, and it can be used in the control of product quality and preparation process.