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Compared with routine imaging examination, magnetic resonance vascular wall imaging (MR-VWI) has the advantages of non-invasive and accurate in the diagnosis and differentiation of moyamoya disease and atherosclerotic moyamoya syndrome, and is of great significance in guiding clinical treatment and predicting outcomes. This article reviews the features of MR-VWI in moyamoya disease and atherosclerotic moyamoya syndrome.
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Objective:To investigate the correlation between vascular wall characteristics and ischemic stroke and its mechanism in patients with atherosclerotic middle cerebral artery (MCA) stenosis.Methods:Patients with atherosclerotic MCA stenosis received high-resolution vessel wall imaging (HR-VWI) in Shenzhen Bao'an District People's Hospital from November 2017 to November 2018 were enrolled retrospectively. The imaging characteristics, such as the lumen and vessel diameter and vessel wall area at the narrowest level of MCA plaque, plaque load, remodeling index, and plaque enhancement rate were measured. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to identify the independent risk factors for stroke in patients with atherosclerotic MCA stenosis. Results:A total of 53 patients with atherosclerotic MCA stenosis were enrolled, aged (53.5±9.7) years, 28 were male (52.8 %). There were 28 in the stroke group and 25 in the non-stroke group. Thirteen patients were artery-artery embolization, 15 were non-artery-artery embolization; 39 were mild stenosis, and 14 were moderate to severe stenosis. Compared with the non-stroke group, the moderate to severe stenosis was more common in the stroke group ( P=0.010), the plaque load was greater ( P=0.006), and the remodeling index was lower ( P=0.010). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the remodeling index was an independent risk factor for stroke in patients with atherosclerotic MCA stenosis (odds ratio 0.002, 95% confidence interval 0.000-0.952; P=0.048). Compared with the non-artery-artery embolization group, the mean thickness of MCA was larger in the artery-artery embolization group ( P=0.037). Compared with the mild stenosis group, the plaque load was greater ( P=0.001), the plaque enhancement rate was higher ( P=0.004), and remodeling index was lower ( P<0.001) in the moderate to severe MCA stenosis group. Conclusions:In the atherosclerotic MCA stroke group, patients with moderate to severe stenosis are more common, with greater plaque load and lower remodeling index. Remodeling index is an independent risk factor for ischemic stroke. Patients with moderate to severe MCA stenosis have a higher plaque enhancement rate and a lower remodeling index, suggesting that the vessel wall inflammatory response is more significant and had decompensation. HR-VWI is expected to be used to assess the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke events.
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With the development of imaging technology, high-resolution magnetic resonance vascular wall imaging technology has been gradually applied to the risk assessment of intracranial aneurysms rupture. It has provided more comprehensive information for clinicians to assess the stability of intracranial aneurysms. This article summarizes the indicators used for assessing the risk of intracranial aneurysms rupture in recent years with high-resolution magnetic resonance vascular wall imaging.
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The geometric morphology of intracranial arteries has unique characteristics and laws. Congenital variation is also often seen in clinical work. Both have certain clinical significance in the occurrence and development of cerebrovascular diseases, as well as in anatomy and function. This article summarizes some of the findings on the morphology and variation of intracranial arteries in cerebrovascular disease research in recent years, and reviews the imaging techniques of intracranial arteries as well as the clinical significance of geometric morphology and congenital variation.
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Vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging (VW-MRI) is a non-invasive imaging method for evaluating intracranial atherosclerotic plaques,which can effectively distinguish the morphology and composition of atherosclerotic plaques.This article reviews the application of VW-MRI in the evaluation of intracranial atherosclerotic plaque.
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Atherosclerotic plaque is an important cause of ischemic stroke. High-resolution vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging (VW-MRI) has been widely used in the study of intracranial atherosclerotic plaques, which is of great value for the display of plaque distribution. This article reviews the distribution of intracranial atherosclerotic plaques based on VW-MRI.
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The geometric morphology of intracranial arteries has unique characteristics and laws.Congenital variation is also often seen in clinical work.Both have certain clinical significance in the occurrence and development of cerebrovascular diseases,as well as in anatomy and function.This article summarizes some of the findings on the morphology and variation of intracranial arteries in cerebrovascular disease research in recent years,and reviews the imaging techniques of intracranial arteries as well as the clinical significance of geometric morphology and congenital variation.
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Objective To evaluate the application value of different MR sequences in cerebral developmental venous anomalies (DAVs),and to explore the relationship between DVAs and its associated lesions.Methods MRI findings in 38 patients of DAVs were analyzed retrospectively.Imaging performance and characteristics of DAVs and its associated lesions in different MR sequences were analyzed.Results In all of the 38 cases,3 cases were multiple DVAs without associated lesions,1 case was combined right lateral ventricle hemorhage,1 case was combined with multiple cavernous hemangioma,8 cases were single DVAs with solitary cavernous hemangioma,5 cases were combined with astrocytoma,1 case was combined with intracranial hematoma,and 19 cases were single DVAs with no comorbidity.DVAs in 16 cases showed strip or small patchy hypo-intensity lesions and 15 cases were not visible on T1WI;16 cases showed strip or small patchy hypo-intensity,5 cases showed strip or flocculent hypo-intensity and 10 cases could not seen on T2WI;19 cases showed patchy or strip hypo-intensity and 8 cases showed iso intensive signal on DWI;8 of the 10 cases who performed susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) examination showed dendritic low signal,showing a typical caput medusae sign,2 cases showed no lesions on SWI;30 cases underwent 3D-T1WI enhanced scan showed clearly all lesions of DAVs,19 cases of them showed typical caput medusae sign and large draining veins.Conclusion Routine MR sequence can demonstrate part of the DVAs and associated peripheral lesions,DWI showed lesions of DAVs is superior to routine MR sequence,SWI and enhanced 3D-T1WI can accurately diagnose DVAs and show the venous drainage.
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CD4⁺ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential for normal immune surveillance, and their dysfunction can lead to the development of autoimmune diseases, such as type-1 diabetes (T1D). T1D is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease characterized by islet β cell destruction, hypoinsulinemia, and severely altered glucose homeostasis. Tregs play a critical role in the development of T1D and participate in peripheral tolerance. Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) can be utilized to obtain a renewable source of healthy Tregs to treat T1D as they have the ability to produce almost all cell types in the body, including Tregs. However, the right conditions for the development of antigen (Ag)-specific Tregs from PSCs (i.e., PSC-Tregs) remain undefined, especially molecular mechanisms that direct differentiation of such Tregs. Auto Ag-specific PSC-Tregs can be programmed to be tissue-associated and infiltrate to local inflamed tissue (e.g., islets) to suppress autoimmune responses after adoptive transfer, thereby avoiding potential overall immunosuppression from non-specific Tregs. Developing auto Ag-specific PSC-Tregs can reduce overall immunosuppression after adoptive transfer by accumulating inflamed islets, which drives forward the use of therapeutic PSC-Tregs for cell-based therapies in T1D.
Subject(s)
Adoptive Transfer , Autoimmune Diseases , Autoimmunity , Glucose , Homeostasis , Immunosuppression Therapy , Immunotherapy , Peripheral Tolerance , Pluripotent Stem Cells , Stem Cells , T-Lymphocytes , T-Lymphocytes, RegulatoryABSTRACT
CD4⁺ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential for normal immune surveillance, and their dysfunction can lead to the development of autoimmune diseases, such as type-1 diabetes (T1D). T1D is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease characterized by islet β cell destruction, hypoinsulinemia, and severely altered glucose homeostasis. Tregs play a critical role in the development of T1D and participate in peripheral tolerance. Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) can be utilized to obtain a renewable source of healthy Tregs to treat T1D as they have the ability to produce almost all cell types in the body, including Tregs. However, the right conditions for the development of antigen (Ag)-specific Tregs from PSCs (i.e., PSC-Tregs) remain undefined, especially molecular mechanisms that direct differentiation of such Tregs. Auto Ag-specific PSC-Tregs can be programmed to be tissue-associated and infiltrate to local inflamed tissue (e.g., islets) to suppress autoimmune responses after adoptive transfer, thereby avoiding potential overall immunosuppression from non-specific Tregs. Developing auto Ag-specific PSC-Tregs can reduce overall immunosuppression after adoptive transfer by accumulating inflamed islets, which drives forward the use of therapeutic PSC-Tregs for cell-based therapies in T1D.
Subject(s)
Adoptive Transfer , Autoimmune Diseases , Autoimmunity , Glucose , Homeostasis , Immunosuppression Therapy , Immunotherapy , Peripheral Tolerance , Pluripotent Stem Cells , Stem Cells , T-Lymphocytes , T-Lymphocytes, RegulatoryABSTRACT
Objective To study the potential role of PKC inhibitor Rottlerin in the treatment of asthma. Methods Balb/c mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin(OVA) protein to construct murine experimental model of asthma. Then the mice were treated by means of injection of Rottlerin or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) into the abdominal cavity. Changes of the total serum IgE, pulmonary eosinophils, cytokines and pulmonary inflammation were investigated. Results Injection of Rottlerin at the dose 0.3 mg/kg into the murine abdominal cavity could inhibit the infiltration of pulmonary eosinophils and pulmonary inflammation and significantly decrease the production of total serum IgE and Th 2 cytokines as well. Conclusion Rottlerin can inhibit murine experimental asthma.
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Objective To construct the bicistronic retroviral vectors containing GFP gene and human survivin gene(wildtype and T34A mutant). Methods Survivin fragments were amplified from eukaryotic expression vectors by PCR, then cloned into pMIG retroviral vectors. The constructed recombinant was identified by double digestion with restriction enzymes. The constructed retroviral vectors was transfected into Phoenix E package cells under mediation of liposome. The expression of mRNA was examined by RT-PCR and the transcription of gene was determined by FACS analysis of GFP. Results The target fragments were successfully bound to pMIG vector. After the vectors were transfected into NIH3T3 cells, the expression of mRNA was confirmed by RT-PCR and the expression of GFP was confirmed by FACS analysis. Conclusion Human survivin gene wildtype and T34A mutant retroviral vectors have been constructed successfully, which can provide strong molecular tools for further studies and a novel approach for selective cancer gene therapy.
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Objective To analyse MRI findings of multicentric craniopharyngioma and improve knowledge to it. Methods MRI and Gd-DTPA enhanced SE T 1WI scaning were performed in 4 cases of multicentric craniopharyngioma proved by surgery and pathology before operation, PDWI scaning were performed in 2 cases.Results MRI manifestations of multicentric Craniopharyngioma is the tumors of Parenchymal -predominant mixed in the sella turcica region or Suprasellar region as the center focus in 4 cases, and different cystic focus were also found in the di-temporal lobe,the basis of anterior cranium fossa,the anterior part of third ventricle,the pontine cistern, the caudate nucleus.Cystic-Parenchymal focus has low-iso mixed signal on T 1WI and high-low mixed signal on T 2WI;cystic focus of the tumors had different signal,signal ranges form low up to high on T 1WI,while high signal on T 2WI and from iso-signal to high on PDWI. After Gd-DTPA enhanced,annular wall enhancement were seen on cystic focus,Parenchymal focus appeared as uniform enhancement.Conclusion The multicentric craniopharyngioma growth performance is multi-origination growth with the sella turcica region or suprasellar region center, the MRI signal specialty of craniopharyngioma is related to ratio of cystic-consolidated and the contents of the cystic fluid.
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Objective To analyze the MR signs of primary subdural extramedullary tumors so as to improve the correct diagnostic rate.Methods MR signs of 40 cases with primary neoplasms of extramedullary were studied retrospectively.All cases were verified by surgery. Results Neurinoma,neurofibroma,meningioma,lipoma and teratoman had specific MR features in location,size,shape,edge,signal and enhancement change. Conclusion Primary subdural extramedullary tumors can be correctly diagnosised.
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Objective To investigate variant types and the image features of MRA of intracranial branch of vertebral artery so that to improve the ability in understanding and diagnosing pons and medulla oblongata diseases.Methods Twenty one cases with the intracranial branch of anomaly vertebral artery were comfirmed by MRA.The anomaly types and MRA features,as well as the clincal symptoms were retrospeetively analyzed.Results MRA features of the intracranial branch of vertebral artery in one sides were as follows:Hypoplasia(n=7),Obliteration of some paragraphes(n=2),Sclerosis or increased tortuous and dilatation(n=9);brain stem compressed by the sclerotic vessel (n=3),angioma(n=3).All paticnts had dysfunction of cranionerves of brain stem in different degree and form.Conclusion MRA was a ideal and no tranmatic method to show the anomaly of the intracranial branch of vertebral artery