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Objective To investigate the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of 135 confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Tianjin. Methods The clinical and epidemiological data of 135 cases of COVID-19 in Tianjin were collected, and the data were analyzed with descriptive method. The factors influencing the severity of the illness were analyzed. Results Among the 135 COVID-19 cases, 72 were males and 63 were females, the age of the cases was (48.62±16.83) years, and the case fatality rate was 2.22%. Local transmission caused 74.81% of the cases. A total of 33 clusters occurred, involving 85.92% of all COVID-19 cases. The median of the incubation period of COVID-19 was 6.50 days, the average generation interval was 5 days, and the household secondary transmission rate was 20.46%. Fever was the main symptom (78.63%), followed by cough (56.48%). Multivariate regression analysis indicated that age ( OR =1.038, 95% CI : 1.010-1.167) and the number of chronic underlying diseases ( OR =1.709, 95% CI : 1.052-2.777) were the risk factors of severe illness. Conclusions Fever was the main symptom at the early phase of COVID-19 in Tianjin, and the local cluster cases accounted for high proportion in confirmed COVID-19 cases reported in Tianjin. Severe illness was prone to occur in people with old age and multi underlying diseases. Strict isolation of close contacts and intensive care of high-risk groups are the main measures to reduce the morbidity and case fatality of COVID-19.
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Objective@#To understand the HIV infection status and related factors in men who have sex with men (MSM) in Tianjin during 2016-2018.@*Methods@#According to the sentinel surveillance protocol, continuous cross-sectional studies were conducted to collect the information about the awareness of AIDS, related behaviors, HIV infection, syphilis prevalence and HCV infection in the MSM in Tianjin with the annual sample seize of 400 between April and June during 2016-2018.@*Results@#From 2016 to 2018, a total of 1 200 MSM were surveyed. The condom use rate in anal sex was 45.4% (544/1 198) in the past 6 months. The HIV test rate in MSM recruited through network declined with year (trend χ2=42.742, P<0.001). The overall HIV infection rate was 3.3% (40/1 200). The HIV-1 infection rate was 2.6% (95%CI: 1.7%-3.5%). The overall prevalence rate of syphilis was 6.7% (80/1 200). The overall HCV infection rate was 0.8% (9/1 200). Results from multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the risk factors associated with HIV infection in the MSM included divorced or widowed (compared with unmarried, aOR=7.137, 95%CI: 1.621-31.419) and syphilis positive group (compared with syphilis negative group, aOR=3.684, 95%CI: 1.520-8.932). The protective factors for HIV infection in the MSM included consistent use of condom in the past 6 months (compared with occasional use of condom, aOR=0.343, 95%CI: 0.126-0.932) and HIV test (compared with receiving no HIV test, aOR=0.314, 95%CI: 0.123-0.801).@*Conclusions@#The HIV infection rate in the MSM in Tianjin was high from 2016 to 2018. Syphilis prevalence status in MSM should not be neglected. The rate of consistent condom use in anal sex was low in the MSM. It is necessary to take effective measures to promote condom use and strengthen HIV test in MSM.
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The newly reported HIV infected cases was collected, and HIV blood samples were detected to identify recent HIV infection in Tianjin during 2008-2015. Factors associated with HIV-1 infection were analyzed by the univariate and multivariate unconditional logistic regression. The recent HIV-1 infection proportion of homosexuals increased from 37.70% in 2008 to 83.68% in 2015. Those cases who aged ≤30 years (OR=1.53, 95%CI: 1.30-1.79), in han ethnic group (OR=1.40, 95%CI: 1.02-1.91), students (OR=1.79, 95%CI: 1.28-2.51) were more likely to be recent infected. The cases who had a high school education (OR=1.28, 95%CI: 1.05-1.56) or collage education (OR=1.23, 95%CI: 1.00-1.50) were more likely to be recent infected than those who had a primary school education. Compared with patients identified by hospitals, the recent HIV infections were more likely to be found through voluntary counseling and testing (VCT), STD outpatients, men who have sex with men (MSM) investigation and unpaid blood donors. Homosexual transmission has become the major route of HIV-1 recent infection in Tianjin.
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Objective To understand the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in 5 populations in China during 2016-2017 and provide evidence for the estimation of prevalence trend of hepatitis C and evaluation on the prevention and control effect.Methods A total of 87 national sentinel surveillance sites for hepatitis C were set up in 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) of China to obtain the information about HCV infection prevalence in 5 populations,including volunteer blood donors,people receiving physical examination,patients receiving invasive diagnosis and treatment,patients receiving hemodialysis,and clients visiting family planning outpatient clinics.From April to June,2016 and 2017,cross-sectional surveys were repeatedly conducted in the 5 populations and blood samples were collected from them for HCV antibody detection.Results In 2016,86 sentinel sites completed the surveillance (one sentinel site was not investigated),and 115 841 persons were surveyed.The overall HCV positive rate was 0.38％ (442/115 841,95％CI:0.23％-0.53％).In 2017,all the 87 sentinel sites completed the surveillance,and 120 486 persons were surveyed.The overall HCV positive rate was 0.37％ (449/120 486,95％CI:0.23％-0.52％).In 2016 and 2017,the anti-HCV positive rates were 4.46％ (223/5 005,95％CI:2.18％-6.73％) and 4.39％ (216/4 919,95％ CI:2.29％-6.50％) respectively in hemodialysis patients,0.85％ (44/5 200,95％ CI:0.27％-1.42％) and 0.70％ (36/5 150,95％ CI:0.15％-1.24％) respectively in patients receiving invasive diagnosis and treatment and remained to be ≤0.25％ in volunteer blood donors,people receiving physical examination and clients visiting family planning outpatient clinics.Results for the comparison of the anti-HCV positive rates in the 5 populations indicated that the differences were significant (F=23.091,P＜0.001 in 2016 and F=20.181,P＜0.001 in 2017).Conclusions Data from the sentinel surveillance of HCV infection on prevalence in China showed that the anti-HCV positive rates varied in the 5 populations during 2016-2017.The anti-HCV positive rate appeared the highest in the hemodialysis patients,followed by that in the patients receiving invasive diagnosis and treatment,and the prevalence of HCV infection in other 3 populations were at low levels.
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Objective To understand the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in 5 populations in China during 2016-2017 and provide evidence for the estimation of prevalence trend of hepatitis C and evaluation on the prevention and control effect.Methods A total of 87 national sentinel surveillance sites for hepatitis C were set up in 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) of China to obtain the information about HCV infection prevalence in 5 populations,including volunteer blood donors,people receiving physical examination,patients receiving invasive diagnosis and treatment,patients receiving hemodialysis,and clients visiting family planning outpatient clinics.From April to June,2016 and 2017,cross-sectional surveys were repeatedly conducted in the 5 populations and blood samples were collected from them for HCV antibody detection.Results In 2016,86 sentinel sites completed the surveillance (one sentinel site was not investigated),and 115 841 persons were surveyed.The overall HCV positive rate was 0.38％ (442/115 841,95％CI:0.23％-0.53％).In 2017,all the 87 sentinel sites completed the surveillance,and 120 486 persons were surveyed.The overall HCV positive rate was 0.37％ (449/120 486,95％CI:0.23％-0.52％).In 2016 and 2017,the anti-HCV positive rates were 4.46％ (223/5 005,95％CI:2.18％-6.73％) and 4.39％ (216/4 919,95％ CI:2.29％-6.50％) respectively in hemodialysis patients,0.85％ (44/5 200,95％ CI:0.27％-1.42％) and 0.70％ (36/5 150,95％ CI:0.15％-1.24％) respectively in patients receiving invasive diagnosis and treatment and remained to be ≤0.25％ in volunteer blood donors,people receiving physical examination and clients visiting family planning outpatient clinics.Results for the comparison of the anti-HCV positive rates in the 5 populations indicated that the differences were significant (F=23.091,P＜0.001 in 2016 and F=20.181,P＜0.001 in 2017).Conclusions Data from the sentinel surveillance of HCV infection on prevalence in China showed that the anti-HCV positive rates varied in the 5 populations during 2016-2017.The anti-HCV positive rate appeared the highest in the hemodialysis patients,followed by that in the patients receiving invasive diagnosis and treatment,and the prevalence of HCV infection in other 3 populations were at low levels.
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Objective To understand the immunological and virological characteristics of HIV-1 infected men who have sex with men (MSM) in the acute phase in Tianjin and evaluate the effects of the fourth generation HIV ELISA and the P24 ELISA for acute HIV-1 infected samples.Methods From October 2015 to October 2016,MSM were recruited through the community-based organizations in Tianjin.All the participants received rapid HIV test,positive samples were confirmed by Western Blot and negative samples underwent pooled nucleic acid testing.The participants with HIV-1 RNA reactive result underwent testing for viral load and T-cell count after second blood collection.Acute HIV-1 infection was defined as negative rapid HIV test result and the positive results of two HIV RNA tests,then the sensitivity were compared between the fourth generation HIV ELISA and the P24 ELISA to detect the initial HIV-1 RNA positive samples.Results Among 3 016 MSM screened,193 were positive in rapid HIV test.Western blot testing indicated that 179 cases were HIV positive,7 cases were HIV indeterminate and 7 eases were negative.Of 2 823 sero-negative cases,17 were acute HIV-1 infections.The HIV-1 infection rate was 6.53％ (197/3 016) and the acute HIV-1 infection rate was 0.56％ (17/3 016),with an average viral load of (5.63 ± 1.50) log10 copies/ml,an average CD4 count of (442.82 ± 268.17) cells/μl,an average CD8 count of (1 069.65 ± 668.22) cells/μl and an average CD4/CD8 ratio of (0.49 ± 0.25).Higher viral load,CD4 and CD4/CD8 ratio were seen in the acute HIV-1 infection group compared with the chronic HIV-1 infection group (U=148,P＜0.01;U=272,P=0.042 and t=3.147,P=0.005).Demographic characteristics were similar between two groups,except the occupation (x2=11.016,P=0.026).The sensitivity of P24 ELISA was higher than the fourth generation HIV ELISA in the H1V-1 detection for acute infection (Fisher's exact test,P=0.017).Conclusions MSM are at risk for acute HIV-1 infection.Screening for acute HIV-1 infection with P24 ELISA would increase the sensitivity of diagnosis and reduce HIV transmission in MSM.
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Objective To understand the immunological and virological characteristics of HIV-1 infected men who have sex with men (MSM) in the acute phase in Tianjin and evaluate the effects of the fourth generation HIV ELISA and the P24 ELISA for acute HIV-1 infected samples.Methods From October 2015 to October 2016,MSM were recruited through the community-based organizations in Tianjin.All the participants received rapid HIV test,positive samples were confirmed by Western Blot and negative samples underwent pooled nucleic acid testing.The participants with HIV-1 RNA reactive result underwent testing for viral load and T-cell count after second blood collection.Acute HIV-1 infection was defined as negative rapid HIV test result and the positive results of two HIV RNA tests,then the sensitivity were compared between the fourth generation HIV ELISA and the P24 ELISA to detect the initial HIV-1 RNA positive samples.Results Among 3 016 MSM screened,193 were positive in rapid HIV test.Western blot testing indicated that 179 cases were HIV positive,7 cases were HIV indeterminate and 7 eases were negative.Of 2 823 sero-negative cases,17 were acute HIV-1 infections.The HIV-1 infection rate was 6.53％ (197/3 016) and the acute HIV-1 infection rate was 0.56％ (17/3 016),with an average viral load of (5.63 ± 1.50) log10 copies/ml,an average CD4 count of (442.82 ± 268.17) cells/μl,an average CD8 count of (1 069.65 ± 668.22) cells/μl and an average CD4/CD8 ratio of (0.49 ± 0.25).Higher viral load,CD4 and CD4/CD8 ratio were seen in the acute HIV-1 infection group compared with the chronic HIV-1 infection group (U=148,P＜0.01;U=272,P=0.042 and t=3.147,P=0.005).Demographic characteristics were similar between two groups,except the occupation (x2=11.016,P=0.026).The sensitivity of P24 ELISA was higher than the fourth generation HIV ELISA in the H1V-1 detection for acute infection (Fisher's exact test,P=0.017).Conclusions MSM are at risk for acute HIV-1 infection.Screening for acute HIV-1 infection with P24 ELISA would increase the sensitivity of diagnosis and reduce HIV transmission in MSM.
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Objective To understand the survival and influencing factors of HIV/AIDS patients in Tianjin.Methods The data of HIV/AIDS cases reported in Tianjin during 2004-2014,which were collected from National AIDS Prevention and Control Information System,were analyzed by using life table and Kaplan Meier method to calculate survival time and the survival rate,and univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis was conducted to identify the influencing factors for survival time.Results For the 2 775 HIV/AIDS patients,1 year,3 years,5 years,10 years and 11 years cumulative survival rates were 91％,88％,86％,79％ and 79％ respectively.The risk of death in AIDS patients was higher than that in people living with HIV (x2=107.622,P＜0.001);Factors affecting the survival of people living with HIV were the first time CD4 value and antiviral treatment,and the influencing factors for survival of AIDS patients were the infection route,detection ways,first time CD4 value and antiviral treatment.Conclusion Early detection and early treatment can obviously reduce the risk for death of people living with HIV/AIDS.To improve the survival of HIV/ AIDS patients,it is necessary to strengthen the early detection and early treatment of HIV infection.
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Objective To understand the survival and influencing factors of HIV/AIDS patients in Tianjin.Methods The data of HIV/AIDS cases reported in Tianjin during 2004-2014,which were collected from National AIDS Prevention and Control Information System,were analyzed by using life table and Kaplan Meier method to calculate survival time and the survival rate,and univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis was conducted to identify the influencing factors for survival time.Results For the 2 775 HIV/AIDS patients,1 year,3 years,5 years,10 years and 11 years cumulative survival rates were 91％,88％,86％,79％ and 79％ respectively.The risk of death in AIDS patients was higher than that in people living with HIV (x2=107.622,P＜0.001);Factors affecting the survival of people living with HIV were the first time CD4 value and antiviral treatment,and the influencing factors for survival of AIDS patients were the infection route,detection ways,first time CD4 value and antiviral treatment.Conclusion Early detection and early treatment can obviously reduce the risk for death of people living with HIV/AIDS.To improve the survival of HIV/ AIDS patients,it is necessary to strengthen the early detection and early treatment of HIV infection.