ABSTRACT
A seminar titled "Sugar Substitutes: Understanding the Basics, Global Regulatory Approvals, Safety Assessment Protocols and Benefits" organised by the Nutrition Society of Malaysia was held on 1.5th Apri12015 for nutritionists and other health care professionals, to review and discuss the latest evidence on safety and efficacy of sugar substitutes. Highlights from lectures by local and international speakers about this topical subject are presented in this report. Sugar substitutes have been extensively evaluated for decades and regulatory agencies world-wide continue to review and confirm their safety. Furthermore, the effects of sugar substitutes on human health continue to be the subject of research studies. Many studies have shown that replacement of sugar with sugar substitutes may help in weight management, glucose control for people with diabetes, and in the prevention of tooth decay. It is important for health professionals to discern whether the available evidence is based on good science and adequate protocols in order to guide consumers with the responsible use of sugar substitutes following national and international dietary guidelines. The use of sugar substitutes for certain health outcomes was discussed, specifically in regard to appetite, energy balance, body weight and other cardio-metabolic risk factors. Overall, the seminar provided an understanding of the different types of commercially available sugar substitutes, their use in a range of food and beverages, and calorie contribution to the diet. The seminar also covered the approvals of different sugar substitutes and the protocols for assessing the safety of these sugar substitutes, especially in the case of children and pregnant women.
ABSTRACT
A seminar titled "Sugar Substitutes: Understanding the Basics, Global Regulatory Approvals, Safety Assessment Protocols and Benefits" organised by the Nutrition Society of Malaysia was held on 1.5th Apri12015 for nutritionists and other health care professionals, to review and discuss the latest evidence on safety and efficacy of sugar substitutes. Highlights from lectures by local and international speakers about this topical subject are presented in this report. Sugar substitutes have been extensively evaluated for decades and regulatory agencies world-wide continue to review and confirm their safety. Furthermore, the effects of sugar substitutes on human health continue to be the subject of research studies. Many studies have shown that replacement of sugar with sugar substitutes may help in weight management, glucose control for people with diabetes, and in the prevention of tooth decay. It is important for health professionals to discern whether the available evidence is based on good science and adequate protocols in order to guide consumers with the responsible use of sugar substitutes following national and international dietary guidelines. The use of sugar substitutes for certain health outcomes was discussed, specifically in regard to appetite, energy balance, body weight and other cardio-metabolic risk factors. Overall, the seminar provided an understanding of the different types of commercially available sugar substitutes, their use in a range of food and beverages, and calorie contribution to the diet. The seminar also covered the approvals of different sugar substitutes and the protocols for assessing the safety of these sugar substitutes, especially in the case of children and pregnant women.
ABSTRACT
O objetivo deste artigo é mapear os escritos de Freud sobre a transferência dos pacientes psicóticos demarcando quatro etapas. A particularidade deste trabalho consiste exatamente na divisão da experiência freudiana das psicoses em quatro períodos que salientam a questão da transferência com caráter central na experiência com psicóticos. No primeiro período veremos que Freud utiliza a prática do diagnóstico de maneira bastante flexível, no entanto é a partir deles que a noção de transferência aparece. Num segundo momento, Freud duvida que seja possível o tratamento psicanalítico das psicoses. No momento seguinte, Freud manifesta significativo interesse pela clínica das psicoses. Na quarta e última etapa, Freud analisa as relações entre normalidade e anormalidade e avalia as possibilidades da análise de psicóticos. Apresentamos ainda um caso pouco assinalado de um paciente de Freud, pois acreditamos que compreender o pensamento de Freud a partir da experiência clínica é importante para que se compreenda o conjunto de sua obra.
The purpose of this paper is to map the writings of Freud on the transfer of psychotic patients demarcating four steps. The particularity of this work is exactly the Freudian division of experience into four periods of psychosis that emphasize the issue of transfer to the central character in the psychotic experience. In the first period we find that Freud uses the practice of diagnosis quite flexible, however, is from them that the concept of transfer appears. Secondly, Freud doubts it is possible the psychoanalytic treatment of psychosis. The next moment, Freud expressed significant interest in the clinic of psychosis. The fourth and final stage, Freud analyzes the relationship between normality and abnormality and evaluates the possibilities of the analysis of psychotics. We also present a somewhat noted case of a patient of Freud, because we believe they understand the thinking of Freud from the clinical experience is important to understand the totality of his work.