ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To explore the association among job burnout, tolerance to uncertainty and working with sickness in clinical nurses. METHODS: A total of 1 159 clinical nurses from 10 cities in Henan Province and Fujian Province were recruited by stratified cluster sampling method and tested by questionnaires including the Chinese Perceived Stress Scale-14, the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale-12, the Sickness Presenteeism Questionnaire, and the Maslach Burnout Inventory-general Survey. Bootstrap was used to analyze the association among perceived stress, tolerance to uncertainty, working with sickness and job burnout. RESULTS: Perceived stress score was(31.4±4.8), and 802(69.2%) of nurses had high perceived stress level. The score of tolerance to uncertainty was(29.8±8.5), and the score of working with sickness score was(5.5±2.0). The job burnout score was(47.9±11.8), and 570(49.2%) nurses had job burnout. Bootstrap test results showed that the perceived stress score positively affected job burnout score [standardized partial regression coefficient(β)=0.30, P<0.01]. Working with sickness score played a regulatory role between perceived stress and job burnout scores(β=0.16, P<0.01), and tolerance to uncertainty score played an intermediary role between perceived stress and job burnout scores(β=0.08, P<0.01). The regulating effect of working with sickness score played a role through the mediation of tolerance to uncertainty score. CONCLUSION: Job burnout was very serious in clinical nurses. Perceived stress can directly or through tolerance to uncertainty affect the job burnout of clinical nurses and is synergistically affected by sickness presenteeism.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of serum autoantibodies against the human M(2) muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M(2)-receptors, Abs) from patients with congestive heart failure on L-Type Ca(2+) channel activity in guinea pig cardiac myocytes.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Using whole cell patch-clamp technique, we quantitatively measured the ionic intensity and density of L-Type Ca(2+) channel (I(Ca-L)).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The M(2)-receptors agonist (carbachol) could decrease the I(Ca-L) peak intensity and density stimulated by isoprenaline from (2111.65 +/- 203.13) pA and (18.83 +/- 1.14) pA/pF to (1230.87 +/- 208.14) pA (P < 0.01) and (10.72 +/- 1.06) pA/pF (P < 0.01). The serum Abs could also decrease I(Ca-L) peak intensity and density [from (1995.21 +/- 195.13) pA and (18.13 +/- 1.03) pA/pF to (636.42 +/- 110.07) pA (P < 0.01) and (5.54 +/- 0.81) pA/pF, P < 0.01]. The M(2)-receptors antagonist, atropine was able to block these effects of carbachol and Abs.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The circulating serum autoantibodies against the M(2)-receptors has similar effect as M(2)-receptors agonist on decreasing the isoprenaline stimulated I(Ca-L) in guinea pig cardiac myocytes and possess negative inotropic effect. These results further suggest that serum autoantibodies against the human M(2) muscarinic acetylcholine receptors may participate in the pathophysiological processes in patients with heart failure.</p>