ABSTRACT
Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of erectile dysfunction (ED) and to assess the risk factors of ED in male post‐stroke patients .Methods One hundred and twenty six male post‐stroke patients were invited to par‐ticipate in this study .Patients were divided into ED group and non‐ED group according to the erectile function evaluated by Interna‐tional Index of Erectile Function‐5 (IIEF‐5) .The neurological impairment was measured using the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) .Depressive symptoms was measured using the Hamilton Depression Scales (HAMD) .The global cognitive function was measured using the Mini mental Status Examination (MMSE) .The clinical and psychosocial factors were compared between the ED and non‐ED groups .Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses were employed to assess the risk factors with ED .Results There were 38 patients (30 .2% ) with ED in all the 126 male post‐stroke patients .Univariate Logistic regression analyses revealed that hypertension ,diabetes ,ACEI ,and depression were significantly related to ED in male post‐stroke patients (P<0 .05) .Multivariate Logistic regression analyses revealed that ACEI and depression were independently associated with ED in male post‐stroke patients (P<0 .05) .Conclusion ED is common in Chinese male post‐stroke patients .ACEI and depression are the major determinants of ED .
ABSTRACT
Objective To study the imaging characteristics of the ligaments in craniocervical junction (CCJ), and to optimize the examination methods and scanning sequences of the ligaments in this region. Methods Two groups of 51 healthy volunteers in each were selected to undergo CT and MRI examination respectively. The CT and MRI features of the ligaments in CCJ were assessed. Two senior imaging doctors compared the results of showing the ligaments in CCJ by several MRI sequences, including T1 WI ,T2 WI, proton density weighted imaging (PDWI), T2 * WI and short time inversion recovery (STIR) ,and proton density fat saturate (PDFSAT). Standard normal rank transformation was done according to the primary data,and then analysis of variance of repeated measurement was applied. Results CT and MRI could both demonstrate the ligaments (except the anterior atlantooccipital membrane only seen on MRI) and their adjoins in CCJ, while MRI had more advantages than CT. The display ratio of the anterior atlantooccipital membrane was 100% (51/51) by MRI. The display ratio of the apical ligament was 29.4%(15/51) by CT and 43.1% (22/51) by MRI. The posterior atlantooccipital membrane-dura complex,tectorial ligament-dura complex, transverse ligament, and alar ligament could be demonstrated clearly by CT and MRI, the display ratio was 100% respectively (51/51). The results of PDWi scored by two doctors were both 5.0, there were no significant differences between them (F = 0.000, P > 0.05), which were significantly higher than T, WI (M = 3.0), T2Wi (M = 3.0), T2 * WI (M = 1.0), STIR (M = 1.0), and PDFSAT(M = 3.0)(P < 0.01). Conclusion MRI was superior to CT in demonstrating the ligaments in CCJ. PDWI was the optimal MRI sequence. Imaging research of normal ligamentous structures in CCJ could provide valuable diagnostic and therapeutic information for evaluating the ligamentous diseases.