ABSTRACT
As an inflammatory skin disease with a gradually increasing prevalence，psoriasis has negatively impacted the quality of life of patients and has attracted widespread attention from the medical community. The pathogenesis of psoriasis can be affected by a variety of genetic，environmental， and immune factors，and cytokine-driven epidermal proliferation，abnormal differentiation，inflammation， and neovascularization contribute to the pathogenesis，involving the interaction between immune and skin cells. However， some pathogenesis is still a blind spot for research，which brings great challenges to clinical treatment. Therefore， the identification of effective targets for psoriasis is critical in the research on psoriasis. Signaling pathways， another hotpot in the research on psoriasis， play an important cellular transduction role in the pathological mechanism of psoriasis and serve as key transduction factors regulating the immune and inflammatory responses to psoriasis. With the in-depth research in the field of network pharmacology and molecular biology， single Chinese medicine and Chinese medicinal compound can exert a therapeutic role by regulating multiple signaling pathways related to psoriasis. In recent years，traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has achieved good clinical efficacy in the prevention and treatment of psoriasis，such as relieving pruritus，decreasing the area of skin lesions，improving anxiety， and preventing complications， which confirms the credibility of TCM in the understanding and treatment of psoriasis. Despite the rich theoretical and clinical research on the prevention and treatment of psoriasis，studies on the regulation of psoriasis-related signaling pathways and mechanisms of action by TCM are rarely reported. Therefore，the present study reviewed the available research in recent years and introduced the following six major signaling pathways related to psoriasis which are regulated by TCM： Janus kinase（JAK）/signal transducer and activator of transcription（STAT） signaling pathway，mitogen-activated protein kinase（MAPK） signaling pathway，phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases（PI3K）/protein kinase B（Akt） signaling pathway，nuclear transcription factor-κB（NF-κB） signaling pathway，Wnt signaling pathway， and Notch signaling pathway.
ABSTRACT
Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease presented in the context of inflammation， and it mainly results from proliferation and differentiation defects of keratinocytes and abnormal immune response. However， some cellular and molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Although a variety of drugs and physiotherapies are applicable to this disease， they can only be utilized for a short-term period considering their transient effect， high cost， and serious adverse reactions. It is difficult to achieve satisfactory long-term results in the treatment of psoriasis. With the development of network pharmacology and molecular biology and the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， the multi-component and multi-target characteristics of TCM have become prominent， promoting the in-depth research on TCM by doctors and scholars. Nevertheless， there is no detailed summarization on the mechanisms of TCM in interfering with T helper 17 （Th17）/regulatory T （Treg） cell balance to prevent and treat psoriasis. After reviewing the recent literature data， this paper has found that Chinese herbal monomers， active ingredients， and compounds obviously regulate the Th17/Treg axis in psoriasis. Th17 cells have a pro-inflammatory effect， while Treg cells are responsible for maintaining peripheral tolerance. They function in a mutually exclusive manner， and maintaining the Th17/Treg balance helps to effectively reduce inflammatory reaction and regulate immune homeostasis. As revealed by a series of clinical and experimental studies carried out based on the Th17/Treg axis in psoriasis， reducing the percentage of Th17 cells，increasing the percentage of Treg cells，and regulating the levels of related cytokines and transcription factors are conducive to alleviating inflammation and regaining immune homeostasis，which has provided new ideas for further elucidating the pathological mechanism of psoriasis and alternative plans for developing new treatments against psoriasis.
ABSTRACT
The study objectives were to investigate the relationship between early exposure to genistein and obesity in young adulthood and to evaluate changes in reproductive health during puberty and adulthood following in utero exposure to genistein. Thirty-two female rats were randomized into four groups; low dose 400 mg genistein/kg diet group (LG), mid-dose 1200 mg genistein/kg diet group (MG), high dose 3600 mg genistein/kg diet group (HG), and control group without genistein diet (CON). Rats were fed genistein at the beginning of pregnancy along with a high-fat diet. Pups were sacrificed at week 4 and week 8 after birth. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) results showed a correlation between maternal genistein intake and genistein concentration in pups' plasma. Compared to CON, body weight reduced significantly in male HG group at week 8. No statistical differences were found in plasma estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), interleukin (IL)-6, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels with early genistein exposure. Furthermore, uterine histopathology showed notable changes in groups HG and MG compared with CON at week 4 and week 8. In conclusion, maternal genistein supplement could reduce body weight in male pups and alter uterine histopathology in female pups.