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Prostate cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in adult males, and its morbidity and mortality keep growing year after year. However, the pathogenesis is not understood clearly yet. The development of prostate cancer is a synergistic, multi-gene process. MicroRNA (miRNA), as small ribonucleic acid molecules and a class of non-coding small RNAs, controls the expression of several genes and plays an important role in cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. In recent years, emerging evidence shows that the miRNAs are significantly abnormally expressed in prostate cancer and that they can target multiple signaling pathways involved in the occurrence and progression of prostate cancer, which has important value in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of prostate cancer. In this paper, the origin, formation, and biological properties of miRNAs, as well as their potential application in the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer, were reviewed with the aim of providing an in-depth understanding of prostate cancer from the perspective of molecular biology and new thinking for clinical diagnosis and treatment.
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Objective To explore the treatment of locally advanced pancreatic cancer(LAPC)by Nanoknife,and the demonstrations on contrast enhanced ultrasonography(CEUS)after the procedures. Methods Four patients were enrolled.Each of them was percutaneously inserted 3-5 Nanoknife electrodes to ablate the lesions with 2-3 sessions under the guidance of ultrasound.After the procedures,CEUS, contrast enhanced CT,contrast enhanced MRI or computed tomography angiography (CTA) were performed to assess the efficacy.Results All patients uneventfully were able to tolerate the high-voltage Nanoknife procedures.However,the endurable pain or discomfort in abdomen was complained.For one patient with obstructive jaundice and mild liver dysfunction,pancreatic amylase in serum increased slightly at the first day after treatment.Furthermore,C response protein in serum elevated,and biliary tract infection happened at the third day.Moreover,thromboses in portal and splenic vein were found at the seventh day.The survival time for all cases were 3-8 months.According to the findings of CEUS,a well-defined no contrast enhancement was detected at ablative zone for all the patients within one week.Yet, contrast enhancement was sporadically detected at the periphery in 3 patients 1-2 months late.Meanwhile, on contrast enhanced CT or MRI,an area of absent enhancement was also depicted at the ablation zone with heterogeneously decreased enhancement at periphery of the lesion.Base on CTA findings,local stenosis of splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein with varices of collateral vascularity were found in one patient at the fiftieth day,and superior mesenteric vein obstruction accompanied by varices of collateral vascularity was also found in another patient at the seventieth day.Conclusions For patients with LAPC,Nanoknife treatment is a safe and convenient procedure that can be percutaneously completed under the guidance of ultrasound.Along with enhanced CT,MRI or CTA,CEUS is a promising way to evaluate the efficacy of this procedure.
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Objective To explore the MSCT findings of occipital condyle fracture (OCF) and improve its diagnostic accuracy. Methods Nineteen patients with OCF, selected from 110 patients suffering high energy injuries at the craniocervical junction, were enrolled into the study. The MSCT appearances of OCFs were retrospectively analyzed by two experienced radiologists. OCF had four types: type Ⅰ was a comminuted fracture, type Ⅱ was a extension of basilar skull fracture, type Ⅲ was an avulsion fracture at the attachment site of alar ligament on occipital condyle, type Ⅳ was a fracture of mixed pattern consisting of two or more above fracture types. Results In 19 patients, the left, right and bilateral OCFs were seen in 7,11 cases, and 1 case, respectively. Type Ⅰ was found in one case, which was a comminution of the left occipital condyle. Type Ⅱ was found in 5 cases, which involved the middle and posterior parts of occipital condyles with 2 on the left and 3 on the right, Type Ⅲ was found in 12 cases which showed various degree of fragment displacement with 3 occuring on the left, 8 on the right, 1 involving bilateral sides, 6 involving articular surfaces and 7 accompaning by enlargment of alar ligaments. Type Ⅳ was found in one case, with coexistence of Type Ⅱ and type Ⅲ. In addition, OCFs were accompanied by head and (or) cervical spine injuries in 14 cases, which included cranial fracture in 8 cases, epidural hematoma in 4 cases, subarachnoid hemorrhage in one case, cerebral contusion and laceration in one case, subfalcial hernia in one case, cervical spine fracture and dislocation in 9 cases, and so on. Conclusion OCFs can be accurately diagnosed by MSCT, which is important for selection of treatment protocols.
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Objective To analyse the routes and MRI characteristics of disseminated intracranial gliomas after operation. Methods 10 patients of intracranial gliomas confirmed by pathology and intracranial dissemination after operation underwent MRI examina-tions including T_1 WI, FSE T_2 WI, FLAIR and fat-suppressed T_1 WI after intravenous injection of Gd-DTPA. In addition, 4 cases were also examinated with DWI, 1 case with SWI and DTI. Results In 10 cases,there were glioblastoma in 7 cases,grade Ⅱ astro-cytoma in 2 and grade Ⅲ astrocytoma in one. The disseminated tumors were found by MRI in 4 to 56 months after operation. The le-sions in all patients were confirmed with the comparison of contrast-enhanced MRI positive signs between preoperation and post-operation. Plain MR scanning showed line-like thicking with isointensity in 1/7 case/time (C/T)and multiple noduli in 5/7 (C/T) on T_1 WI respectively;shallowed cortical sulci and cistern in 2/7(C/T) and nodular in 5/7(C/T) on T_2 WI;shaUowed cortical aulci and cistern in 2/7 (C/T) and nodular in 6/7(C/T) on FLAIR. The signal intensity of noduli of disseminated tumors in 7 cases were in complete consistency with that of primary neoplasm , however, in 3 cases, it was inconsistent. Enhanced scanning showed 7 ca-ses with the signs of line-like thicking, 7 cases with noduli , 6 cases with :cast-like shape" sign and 6 cases with different extent of hydrocephalus. Conclusion Enhanced MRI can be used as a most useful and reliable monitoring tools for detecting dissemination of brain glioma.
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Objective To assess the characteristics of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for spinal cavernous angiomas.Methods The examinations of plain scan and contrast enhanced scan of magnetic resonance (MR) were performed in three patients with spinal cavernous angiomas.Results The focus of two cases was located in thorax segment of the spinal cord and one in lower cervical segment.All focuses were single and the shape of spinal cord was normal or slightly thick. MRI characteristic of spinal cavernous angiomas was just like popcorn or mulberry with a jumbled gobbet signal. Low and short T2 signal appeared around the focus. In all cases, there were no obvious contrast enhanced signal in 2 cases and one case with moderate contrast enhanced signal. The diameter of hemorrhage was smaller than that of the spinal cord.Conclusion MRI has higher sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of spinal cavernous angioma.
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Objective: To observe the effect of distraction osteogenesis and synostosis following the placement of implant-distraction apparatus. Methods: The bilateral premolars were extracted in six adult hybrid dogs. After twelve weeks, a box-shaped osteotomy on the random side of the alveolar bone was carried out and two implant-distraction apparatus were placed. After one week, the alveolar ridge was vertically augmented at 1.05 mm/d by distraction for four days. Following 6-week-fixation histological and radiographical evaluations were carried out. Results: All dental implant-distraction apparatus obtained good healing except one failed for inflammation and was removed. The alveolar ridge was vertically augmented 4. 00 mm on average. The radiolucency in the distraction site disappeared in 6 weeks. Histologically, the lengthened bone consisted of mature lamellar and canellous bone, and good synostosis was obtained. The transport bone segment was vertical- ly augmented 4.2 mm, the maximum augmentation was 5 mm. Conclusions: The dental implant-distraction apparatus may be used for vertical augmentation of the alveolar ridge.
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Objective To analyze the X-ray appearances of esophageal mucosal hematoma, and to improve the diagnostic accuracy rate. Methods The X-ray appearances of barium meal examination of 23 cases with esophageal mucosal hematoma confirmed by follow up or gastroscopy were analyzed retrospectively.Results The typical X-ray appearances of esophageal mucosal hematoma were filling defect, fluid-barium levels, and deformation of local mucosa. The X-ray appearances were disappear mostly after a short-term followed up examination.Conclusion barium meal examination and short-term followed up can demonstrate esophageal mucosal hematoma are very useful for clinical therapy.