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A large number of data show that the prevalence rate of alcoholic liver injury （ALI） is increasing year by year， and it has become one of the main causes of death due to chronic liver diseases such as liver cancer and liver cirrhosis. Quitting drinking is the main method for the prevention of ALI in modern medicine， and the main treatment methods include Western medicine with antioxidant and anti－fibrotic effects and nutritional support. However， Western medicine tends to have an unsatisfactory treatment effect and can only alleviate initial symptoms， and severe ALI still requires surgical treatment. Studies have shown that the monomers extracted from natural drugs and foods have obvious preventive and therapeutic effects on ALI， with high safety and easy access. Therefore， this article systematically summarizes the main natural drug and food monomers used for the prevention and treatment of ALI and proposes the idea of the combination of drug and food for the prevention and treatment of ALI from the perspective of paying attention to the whole process of health， in order to explore more effective prevention， health care， and treatment methods and provide ideas for research on the prevention and control of ALI.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the proportion and associated factors of taking subsequent confirmation test among men who have sex with men (MSM) after being tested positive in oral fluid HIV antibody test.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>By using successive sampling, 1 003 MSM, who were tested positive in oral fluid HIV antibody test in China-Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation AIDS prevention Program (Extension program) in Beijing during May 1 to December 31, 2013, were recruited. The inclusion criteria included: the objects were men who reported having sex with men; the objects aged more than 18 years old; the objects were tested positive in oral fluid HIV antibody test; the objects had not been reported as HIV positives in China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention previously. According to the program strategy, MSM grassroots organizations transferred the respondents to seek subsequent confirmation tests in specific Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCs) or hospitals. The subsequent confirmation tests included: fingertip blood HIV antibody rapid test, venous blood Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) HIV antibody test and venous blood Western Blot (WB) HIV antibody test. Chi-square test was adopted to compare the proportion of taking subsequent confirmation tests in different groups. Nonconditional multivaritae binarylogistic regression analysis was taken to identify the associated factors with whether taking subsequent confirmation tests and to calculate the OR (95% CI) values.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The 1 003 respondents were (30.9 ± 9.1) years old. Among all objects, 87.8% (881/1 003) of them took fingertip blood HIV antibody rapid tests and the positive rate was 85.4% (752/881). 98.0% (737/752) of those who were identified as positive in fingertip blood HIV rapid tests took ELISA and WB tests, and the positive rate was 94.4% (696/737). Comparing with those who were expected to seek subsequent confirmation tests in CDCs, the OR (95% CI) value of those who were expected to seek tests in hospitals was 5.10 (1.69-15.36). The OR (95% CI) values of those who used condom sometimes and those who never used condom in anal sex were 5.81 (2.14-15.77) and 3.45 (2.00-5.97) respectively, in comparison with those who reported not having anal sex or using condom consistently in anal sex during the past 6 months. Comparing with the respondents recruited from the internet, the OR (95% CI) values of those recruited in bathrooms, parks/toilets and bars were 0.17 (0.05-0.53), 0.10 (0.04-0.29) and 0.22 (0.06-0.79) respectively. The likelihood of taking subsequent confirmation test decreased with the increase of number of male sexual partners in the past 3 months, and the OR (95% CI) value was 0.92 (0.86-0.99).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The potential HIV positive MSM in the bathroom, park/toilet and bars are less likely to take subsequent confirmation test. Those who do not use condom consistently during anal sex are more likely to seek subsequent confirmation test. Medical organization conducting subsequent confirmation tests is more likely to increase the confirmation test rate of potential HIV positive MSM. The number of male sexual partners has negative correlation with whether to accept the subsequent confirmation test.</p>
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Beijing , Condoms , HIV Antibodies , HIV Seropositivity , Diagnosis , Homosexuality, Male , Mass Screening , Patient Acceptance of Health Care , Risk-Taking , Sexual Behavior , Sexual Partners , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the subtype distribution and sequence characteristics of HIV-1 strains prevalent among sexual infectors in Beijing. Methods We collected the blood samples from 100HIV sexual infectors in Beijing during 2008 and separated plasma specimens. RNA was extracted from the plasma and the gag gene was amplified by RT-PCR and nest-PCR. The PCR products were sequenced directly and phylogenetic analyses of gag gene was performed using the MEGA4 software. Results Among 100 HIV-1 plasma samples,84 gag gene fragments were amplified and analyzed. Eight HIV subtypes including B(22 strains), B'(8 strains),C( 1 strain) ,CRF01_AE (38 strains) ,CRF02_AG (2 strains) ,CRF07_BC(9 strains) ,CRF08_BC(3 strains) and C/CRF01_AE recombinant like strain( 1 strain) were identified circulating in Beijing. Conclusion CRF01 _AE and subtype B were predominant in Beijing account for 45.2% and 26.2% and the surveillance of HIV gene variation should be paid more attention.
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Objective To study the prevalence of HIV-1 drug-resistant strains in antiretroviral therapy-naive HIV-1 infectors,and provide background information for HIV-1 drug resistance survey and clin-ical antiretroviral therapy in Beijing in 2008. Methods Referring to the guidelines for HIV drug resistance threshold survey(HIVDR-TS) of WHO, collecting 60-70 plasma samples of HIV-1 infectors who were detec-ted in 6 months and not more than 25 years,we detected HIV-1 pol genotype and genetic mutations associated with drug resistance,counted the prevalence of drug-resistant strains, and evaluated the prevalent level. Re-Sults Of 61 plasma samples answering for the standards, 50 were successfully sequenced and genotyped pol sequence. The major infection route was homosex, which accounted for 62%. B, CRF01_AE, and CRF07_ BC were major genetic subtype, which accounted for 42%, 28% and 26%, respectively. One Pl-resistant strain was found, the incidence of which was 2% (1/50). One NRTI-resistant strain was found, the inci-dence of which was 2% (1/50). No NRTI-resistant strain was found, the incidence of which was 0. The in-cidence of drug-resistant strains in the protease (PR) region was 2%, and the incidence of reverse tran-scriptase (RT) region was also 2%. Both of the prevalence were classified as low level ( <5% ). Conclu-sion PR, RT-resistant HIV-1 strains were found in drug-naive infectors, and the prevalence was low in Beijing. Current antiretrovirai therapy regiments were still feasible. Most of the AIDS patients did not need to test drug resistance before antiretroviral therapy.
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Objective To study the application of viral load for differentiating diagnosis of early HIV infection. Methods Thirteen indeterminate specimens, which showed early HIV infection of antibody detection, were selected. Viral load of the specimens were detected. People with suspicious infection were followed up and certified infection status through EIA and Western blot. Results Twelve of 13 indeterminate specimens which indicated early HIV infection, had positive viral loads. One antibody-positive infant was confirmed to have been infected by HIV and 11 recent infected (window period) persons were certified during the follow-up. One antibody-positive infant had negative viral load and was certified noninfected per-son during the follow-up. Viral load testing results accorded with HIV infection status. Conclusion Viral load testing can be used to diagnose HIV early infection, including antibody-positive infants (within 18 months) and recent infected persons. Viral load testing could be diagnostic in determinate specimens during early HIV infection.