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Objective To observe the effects of simvastatin combined with aspirin on the heart allograft and detect its mechanism. Methods Heterotopic heart transplantation was performed from Wistar to Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. All SD rats were randomly assigned to Sham; HT (heart transplantation); HT + simvastatin(HT + S);HT + aspirin (HT + A); HT + aspirin + simvastatin (HT + A + S) group at different time points (day 3, 7, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 40) after transplantation (n=20). eNOS expression was detected by immunohistochemical methods and NO levels was measured by Griess assay. Meanwhile , the analysis of CD4+CD25+Tregs was performed by flow cytometry and histological examination for pathological change of heart and vascular. Results Simvastatin combined with aspirin significantly prolonged the mean survival time of heart allografts in HT + A + S group to (39 ± 5.3) days (n = 19) and in HT group to (8 ± 1.2) days (n = 18) (P < 0.001); simvastatin combined with aspirin delayed pathological changes of the transplanted hearts and protected vascular damage; simvastatin combined with aspirin upregulated eNOS and enhanced NO secretion. The level of CD4+CD25+Tregs in the blood of HT + A + S rats was significantly increased (2.2 ± 0.5)%, (2.9 ± 0.8)%, (4.3 ± 1.0)%, (8.3 ± 1.7)% and (14.3 ± 3.7)% for sham, HT, HT + S, HT + A and HT + A + S group respectively, HT vs. HT + A (P < 0.05) or HT + A + S (P < 0.01). Conclusion Simvastatin combined with aspirin delays the development pathology of myocardial and vascular damage and prolongs the survival time of cardiac allograft. The responsible mechanism is associated with activating CD4+ CD25+ Treg cells induction immune tolerance and enhancing vascular endothelial cell protection.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the application of small intestine double stoma and succus entericus reinfusion in the patients with severe intra-abdominal infection.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Ten patients with high intestinal perforation from February 2005 to November 2014 were enrolled in the study. All the cases received emergency operation. Small bowel with intestinal perforation was resected, and double stoma was applied in the proximal and distal small intestine. When abdominal infection under control, total enteral nutrition was successfully administered from nasogastric tube. The succus entericus from the proximal intestine was collected and transfused back to the distal intestine. Stool was collected and fecal nitrogen, fat and carbohydrate contents were determined. Related serum protein levels were measured.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>As compared to pre-reinfusion, the absorption rate of carbohydrate [(90.9±7.8)% vs. (82.7±15.2)%], fat [(87.6±6.4)% vs. (59.1±10.8)%], and nitrogen [(82.4±9.8)% vs. (67.2±15.4)%] increased after succus entericus reinfusion (P<0.05). The serum protein levels increased significantly as well[fibronectin: (285.6±3.6) vs. (157.0±22.6) mg/L, P<0.01; transferrin: (4.86±0.21) vs. (3.60±0.25) g/L, P<0.05; pre-albumin: (291.3±112.5) vs. (199.1±53.3) mg/L, P<0.05].</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Small intestine double stoma and succus entericus reinfusion are effective in improving the absorption of carbohydrate, fat and nitrogen in the patients with severe intra-abdominal infection.</p>
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Humans , Enteral Nutrition , Intestinal Perforation , Intestinal Secretions , Intestine, Small , Intraabdominal Infections , Surgical StomasABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo investigate the amount of bacteria and the expression of amylase and lipases in the drainage fluid in patients with intestinal fistulas with time courses.MethodsThe samples were collected from 16 patients with high intestinal fistulas from July 1998 to January 2008.The amounts of bacteria from the drainage fluid were measured 0,2 and 4 hours after taking out from the patients.At the respective time points,the intestinal juices were also collected to measure the amylase and lipase expressions.After reinfusion of succus entericus,thelevels of albumin,prealbumin,transferring,and fibronectin were measured at 0,7,and 14 days,ResultsThere was no significant increase of bacteria in the drainage fluid within 4 hours ( F(0,2) =18 812.50,P ＞ 0.05 ; F(0,4) =387 625.00,P ＞ 0.05).and there was no change in the expressions of amylase ( F(0,2) =190.60,P ＞ 0.05 ;F(0,4) =631.75,P＞0.05) and lipase within 4 hours (F(0,2) =204.10,P＞0.05; F(0,4) =1080.05,P＞0.05).After succus entericus reinfusion,the fibronectin (F(0,14) =74.24,P ＜ 0.01 ; F(7,14) =59.78,P ＜0.01),transferring (F(0,14) =0.46,P ＜ 0.01 ; F(7,14) =0.39,P ＜ 0.05 ),and prealbumin ( F(0,14) =54.37,P ＜ 0.05) were increased significantly.ConclusionsBacteria and enzymes do not increase in the drainage fluid within 4 hours in patients with intestinal fistulas.Therefore,it is safe and effective to reinfuse succus entericus.
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ObjectiveTo observe the effect of succus entericus reinfusion with continuous enteral nutrition on the barrier function of intestinal mucosa and nutritional status in patients with stomal type fistulas. Methods Sixteen patients with stomal type fistula from July 1995 to May 2008 were enrolled in the study. A]l patients met the following conditions: gut function returned normal; abdominal infection was controlled; total enteral nutrition was provided ; and the length of small intestine for succus entericus reinfusion was more than 50 cm. Intestinal mucosa was taken at 25 to 30 cm away from stoma of fistula by endoscope 0, 7, and 14 days after reinfusior. Hematoxylineosin staining was performed to count the number of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IIELS). In addition,proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was measured with immunohistochemical staining. Serum protein levels were determined by immunonephelometry. ResultsThe percentage of IIELS in intestinal mucosa ( 19.06％ ±4.81％ vs. 12.81％ ±2.95％, P=0.000) and the percentage of PCNA positive cells ( 12.13％ ±4.33％ vs.6.44％ ± 2.34％, P =0.000) 14 days after succus entericus reinfusion were significantly higher than those on the day of reinfusion. Serum fibronectin level increased from ( 152.80 ± 16.50 ) to ( 227.05 ± 45.36 ) mg/L ( P =0.000), and transferring protein level increased from ( 2.16 ± 0.52 ) to ( 2.62 ± 0.41 ) g/L ( P =0.017 ) 14days after succus entericus reinfusion. ConclusionSuccus entericus reinfusion is effective in protecting the intestinal mucosa in patients with stomal type fistulas.
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Objective To investigate the effect of splenectomy on peripheral lymphocyte apoptosis and CD4+ CD25+ Treg cells in rat with heart transplantation. Methods Abdominal heterotopic heart transplantation was performed from Wistar (donors) to SD (recipients) rats. Splenectomy was done at the same time in recipients (heart graft splenectomy group), non-splenectomy recipients (heart graft group), single splenectomy in SD rats (spleneetomy group), and SD rats (no operation) were designed as the control group. The transplanted hearts and peripheral blood in each group were collected on the 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th day after operation. Histopathological and ultrastructural changes in transplanted hearts were observed by microscope and electronic microscope. Apoptosis rate of peripheral lymphocytes and CD4+ CD25+ Treg cells were measured by flow cytometry. The expression of Foxp3 mRNA in CD4+ CD25+ Treg cells was detected by RT-PCR, and survival time of the transplanted hearts was recorded. Results The survival time of the transplanted hearts in heart graft splenectomy group was 17.63±4.54 days, significantly longer than that in heart graft group (7.47±2.24 days) (P<0.05). The transplanted hearts in heart graft group were swelling, hard, dark, with interstitial edema, hemorrhage, diffuse infiltration of inflammatory cells, necrosis and cytolysis of a lot of myocardial cells, blurred cross striations; The transplanted hearts in heart graft splenectomy group were soft, red, partially gray white, with focal edema of subepicardial cells,infiltration of inflammatory cells, intact myocardial cell structure, and clear cross striations; Compared to heart graft group, the ultrastructural changes of transplanted hearts in heart graft splenectomy group were lighter significantly. On the 5th and 7th day after operation, apoptosis of peripheral lymphocytes in heart graft splenectomy group was (7.62±2.15)% and (9.41±3.82)% respectively, significantly higher than in heart graft group (both P<0.05). On the 3rd, 5 th and 7th day after operation, the number of CD4+ CD25+ Treg cells in heart graft splenectomy group was more (all P<0.01), and the expression level of Foxp3 mRNA higher than in heart graft group. Conclusion Splenectomy can increase apoptosis rate of peripheral blood lymphocytes and the number of regulatory T lymphocytes, and up-regulate the Foxp3 mRNA regulation in rats with heart transplantation, which has a negative correlation with pathological changes of transplanted hearts.
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This study aimed to review the improvement of artificial joint materials to search ideal materials for artificial joint. The developing process of metal artificial joint, high polymer artificial joint, ceramic-made artificial joint and compound material artificial joint was introduced and the material surface processing was explored. Selection of materials for artificial joint is determined by many factors. Each material has the specific benefits and drawbacks, so we can improve their performance by certain processing. Although there are many studies about materials for artificial joint, no ideal material is identified. To develop the materials for artificial joint with high mechanical strength, good biocompatibility, strong abradability and long-term service life is the focus in future bone tissue engineering.
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<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Most studies about FHIT protein expression were performed in normal tracheal epithelium, precancerous lesions and lung cancer tissues respectively, but not in the course of malignant transformation of lung cancer. The aim of this study is to detect the changes of FHIT protein expression during malignant transformation of immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) induced by tobacco-specific nitrosamine (NNK), and to explore its significance.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>BEAS-2B cells were induced to malignantly transform (BEAS-2B NNK) by 500mg/L NNK, and FHIT protein expression was detected in the different passages of BEAS-2B NNK and BEAS-2B cells by SP immunocytochemistry.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Part 1: Model of malignant transformation of BEAS-2B cells induced by NNK was established. (1) The serum resistance was significantly increased in the 5th passage of BEAS-2B NNK cells. (2) The anchorage independent growth (soft agar colony formation) appeared in the 15th passage of BEAS-2B NNK cells. (3) The ultrastructure of the 20th passage of BEAS-2B NNK cells showed obvious heteromorphy characterization. (4) The 25th passage of BEAS-2B NNK cells developed into tumors in nude mice, which were well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. Part 2: FHIT protein was steadily expressed in the different passages of BEAS-2B cells (P > 0.05). FHIT protein expression was obviously decreased from 5th to 15th passage of BEAS-2B NNK cells, but it was unexpectedly overexpressed in the 25th passage.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>(1) The model of malignant transformation of BEAS-2B cells induced by NNK (500mg/L) can be established successfully and may be used for investigation of molecular biological mechanisms of lung cancer, especially for smoking-related cases. (2) Decrease of FHIT protein expression might be an early event, however, its overexpression in the late passages should be further studied.</p>
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Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy is given to manage pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (PEI) in cystic fibrosis (CF) and following pancreatectomy, total gastrectomy or chronic pancreatitis. The article reviews on aspects of pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy containing the assement of pancreatic exocrine function, the pathogenesis of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, pancreatic enzyme preparations and their efficiency, dosing of pancreatic enzymes, enteral nutrition and pancreatic enzyme replacement, the modulation of pancreatic exocrine and adverse reactions to pancreatic enzyme.