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OBJECTIVE To systematically introduce the supply guarantee system of orphan drugs in South Korea， and to provide reference for improving the accessibility of orphan drugs in China. METHODS The basic characteristics and practical experience of supply guarantee system of orphan drugs in South Korea were summarized by studying the marketing incentive mechanism， reserve supply mechanism and emergency use mechanism. Then， based on the research on the current situation and existing problems of orphan drug supply in China， specific suggestions were put forward to improve the accessibility of orphan drugs in China. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS South Korea has effectively improved the accessibility of orphan drugs through orphan drug identification channels and supporting incentive policies， relying on the reserve supply mechanism and the import route for emergency use. Therefore， it is suggested that China should guarantee the normal supply of orphan drugs from three aspects： improving the recognition and incentive policy of orphan drugs， building a full-time management department of orphan drugs， and optimizing the temporary import path.
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OBJECTIVE To prov ide reference for improving the participation mechanism of stakeholders in the process of medical insurance negotiation for oncology drug in China. METHODS Based on the stakeholder theory ，combined with literature research，case analysis （taking the review of reimbursement of Bentuximab as an example ）and other methods ，analysis and research were conducted on the Canadian oncology drug review process and the participation mechanism and role of stakeholders. The suggestions were put forward for our country. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS Canadian oncology drug reimbursement review process was composed of four stages ：the pre-submission planning stage ，the formal submission stage of application，the review stage，and the stage of forming reimbursement recommendations. As the role of stakeholders ，drug manufacturers ，patient representative advisory group ， clinical review expert advisory groups and provincial advisory groups participated in the reimbursement review process of oncology drug by providing suggestions and feedback to CADTH. The participation of stakeholders had improved the transparency of the review of oncology drugs in Canada and made the reimbursement results of oncology drugs more scientific ，reasonable and accurate. In China ，it is recommended to define rights ，responsibilities and interests as well as the participation mechanism of stakeholders in the medical insurance negotiation process ，attach importance to the role of patients in the medical insurance negotiation process of oncology drug ，improve information disclosure and increase the transparency of the negotiation mechanism and process so as to increase the participation of stakeholders.
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OBJECTIVE：To eval uate the effectiveness ，safety and economy of chimeric antigen receptor T cells （CAR-T） therapy for the treatment of B-lymphoblastic hematologic malignancy ，and to provide evidence-based reference for clinical decision. METHODS：Rapid health technology assessment （HTA）was adopted. PubMed ，Embase，Cochrane Library ，CNKI，Wanfang databases and foreign HTA official websites were systematically searched during the inception-Mar. 20th，2021. After inclusion ， data extraction and quality evaluation of literatures according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria ，descriptive analysis was performed for the effectiveness ，safety and economy of CAR-T therapy for the treatment of B-lymphoblastic hematologic malignancy. RESULTS ：A total of 2 HTA reports ，5 systematic reviews/Meta-analysis ，and 5 economics studies were included. In terms of effectiveness ，CAR-T therapy showed good efficacy in the treatment of B-lymphoblastic hematologic malignancy ；overall remission rate （ORR）of CAR-T therapy in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia was more than 63.5％，and the complete remission rate （CR）was 77.1％（95％CI：62.8％-87.1％）；ORR of CAR-T therapy in the treatment of chronic lymphoblastic leukemia was 70.0％（95％CI：53.0％-80.0％），and the CR was 25.5％（95％CI：13.9％-42.1％）；ORR of CAR-T therapy in the treatment of B-cell lymphoma was more than 44.4％. In terms of safety ，the incidence of cytokine release syndrome was more than 20％ during the treatment of CAR-T therapy ，and 1/3 or more （9％ believed in some studies ）patients suffered from neurotoxicity ； the incidence of infection was 12.2％-33.3％，and the incidence of graft-versus-host disease was 23.4％（95％CI：8.6％-49.8％）. In terms of economy ，most of the included studies believed that CAR-T therapy possessed economic advantages ，which were the results of evaluation in developed countries such as the United States and Japan. CONCLUSIONS ：CAR-T，as a new product of treatment for hematological malignancy ，shows good effectiveness and low level of ADR ，which is basically controllable ；its economy needs to be further evaluated by relevant researches combined with domestic reality.
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OBJECTIVE：To provide reference for the better implementation of National Drug Centralized Procurement Policy （hereinafter referred to as the“National Centralized Procurement Policy”）. METHODS：Based on the stakeholder theory， combining with literature research and interview research methods，the role orientation，interest demands and mutual relations of the main stakeholders involved in National Centralized Procurement Policy，such as government departments，pharmaceutical enterprises，medical institutions and patients were analyzed. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS：Government departments include medical insurance department，health department，drug supervision department and other departments，which plan and lead the National Centralized Procurement Policy；their main interest demand is to ensure the orderly implementation of the policy，the rational use and supply guarantee of the selected varieties in clinic，etc. Pharmaceutical enterprises include pharmaceutical production enterprises and pharmaceutical circulation enterprises，which directly participate in the National Centralized Procurement Policy； the main interest demand of drug production enterprises is to ensure reasonable profits to support their product R&D and promote enterprise transformation；that of pharmaceutical circulation enterprises is to obtain the variety distribution right， so as to improve the market share of enterprises，expand the breadth and depth of marketing，and obtain operating profits，etc. As the main provider of medical services and drugs， medical institutions are responsible for implementing the selected category results of the National Centralized Procurement Policy；their main interest demand is to improve its own popularity and reputation. Patients are not only the demanders of medical services and drugs，but also the main beneficiaries of the reform of National Centralized Procurement Policy；their main interest demand is to reduce the drug burden and ensure that the drugs used are safe and effective. In order to better promote the National Centralized Procurement Policy，it is suggested to give play to the leading role of the government and promote the reform of“tripartite system reform”in coordination with other policies；optimize the drug procurement mechanism and guide the reasonable formation of market price；encourage enterprises to continuously improve the quality of varieties through generic drug consistency evaluation，and strengthen quality supervision.
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In this paper, basic characteristics of group purchasing organizations ( GPOs) and its implications for US health care system are analyzed using a literature research method. The main contents include the development process, type, basic functions, drug procurement processes, fee sources, characteristics and influence for the hospi-tals, supplies, regulators of GPOs. We suggest that GPOs have helped US health care providers save a lot of money and played an important role in the healthcare supply chain. We also suggest that market mechanisms should be intro-duced widely concerning the model innovation and improvement of domestic drug procurement. At the same time, government and the market should be coordinated properly. Moreover, scientific evaluation methods should be set in consideration of drug quality, prices and its economic practicality.
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Objective This paper aims to find a best position of ephedrine hydrochloride nasal drops by comparing earache occurred in hyperbaric oxygen(HBO )therapy while using ephedrine hydrochloride nasal drops in two positions: laying in lateral position of 45°with head leaning back; laying down flat, so as to supply reference for prevention of earache. Methods We selected 300 cases of HBO patients who were firstly treated by HBO and randomly divided into the observation group and the control group with 150 cases in each group. All these patients were treated by large medical hyperbaric oxygen tank. On the first to third day, ephedrine hydrochloride nasal drops were put into the patients before they were sent into the oxygen tank. Patients in the observation group lay in lateral position of 45°with their head leaning back, and those in the control group were in horizontal position. We put three drops of 1% of ephedrine hydrochloride nasal drops respectively into their nasal cavity. When they came out of the oxygen tank, we asked them if they felt earache and checked their tympanic membrane so as to make a comparison. Results It was found that earache, rate of tympanic membrane injury and the extent of such injury in the observation group was obviously less than that in the control group, there was difference in statistics between these two groups. Conclusions Before HBO treatment, ephedrine hydrochloride nasal drops that put in lateral position of 45°with patients head leaning back can reduce the possibilities of earache occurred in HBO. It was also observed that such position was an ideal one which had anatomical characteristics of Eustachian tube and was safer than laying down flat, so such position is more practical.