ABSTRACT
The critical period for the prevention and control of novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP) in China, in response to requirements for accelerating the modernization of the disease prevention and control system, we analyzed and summarized the current situation, existing problems, and deficiencies in China′s modernization of disease prevention and control system. In addition, we put forward the contents and countermeasures for the modernization of the disease prevention and control system. The modernization of the disease prevention and control system should be built around governance modernization, talent modernization, equipment modernization, scientific research modernization, and modernization of the regulatory system. The countermeasures and suggestions need to reposition the disease prevention and control system, rationalize the management system and operating mechanism, strengthen the modernization of talents and equipment, strengthen scientific research on disease prevention and control, and further improve the disease prevention and control legal system.
ABSTRACT
Objective Data from the surveillance program was collected,to analyze the situation of hospitalization and cases of death with recorded causes,in Shenzhen,from 1995 to 2014.Situation of hospitalization and causes of deaths were studied in Shenzhen which had been a fast-developing city with growing number of immigrants so as to provide reference for decision-making on related prevention and control strategies.Methods Data on hospitalizations and deaths collected from the surveillance program,were classified by both International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9 and ICD-10.A database was constructed with methods on related descriptive and trend analysis.Results Around 6.3 million inpatients were seen in the past two decades in Shenzhen.The top five diseases for hospitalization were pregnancy childbirth and puerperium complications,respiratory diseases,injury and poisoning,digestive system diseases and circulatory system diseases,that accounting for 68.4％ of all the hospitalization burden.The number of inpatients increased annually,with an 11 times increase during the past two decades.Proportions for pregnancy childbirth and puerperium complications,circulatory system diseases and urinary system diseases all showed increasing (x2=53 806.94,6 893.95 and 15 383.14,P＜0.01),while proportions for injuries and poisoning,respiratory diseases,digestive system diseases showed a declining trend (x2=131 480.09,1 711.84 and 11 367.66,P＜ 0.01).Number of cumulative inpatient deaths exceeded 60 000,with the top five causes as malignant tumor,circulatory system diseases,injury and poisoning,respiratory system diseases and digestive system diseases,that accounting for 82.28％ of all the inpatient deaths.Deaths due to circulatory system diseases,injury and poisoning increased and then decreased.Malignant tumor and respiratory diseases-induced deaths showed an increasing trend (x2=1 546.48,309.55,P＜0.01),while induced deaths from disease of the other systems showed slight changes.The overall case fatality rate showed an annual decline (x2=4 378.63,P＜0.01),from 2.23％ in 1995 to 0.74％ in 2014,with mortality attribute to tumor,circulatory system disease decreased significantly.Conclusions Shenzhen had been under an ageing transition,with relatively young population living in the city.Chronic diseases such as tumor gradually had become the major causes for heavy hospitalization burden on the population of Shenzhen.
ABSTRACT
Objective Data from the surveillance program was collected,to analyze the situation of hospitalization and cases of death with recorded causes,in Shenzhen,from 1995 to 2014.Situation of hospitalization and causes of deaths were studied in Shenzhen which had been a fast-developing city with growing number of immigrants so as to provide reference for decision-making on related prevention and control strategies.Methods Data on hospitalizations and deaths collected from the surveillance program,were classified by both International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9 and ICD-10.A database was constructed with methods on related descriptive and trend analysis.Results Around 6.3 million inpatients were seen in the past two decades in Shenzhen.The top five diseases for hospitalization were pregnancy childbirth and puerperium complications,respiratory diseases,injury and poisoning,digestive system diseases and circulatory system diseases,that accounting for 68.4％ of all the hospitalization burden.The number of inpatients increased annually,with an 11 times increase during the past two decades.Proportions for pregnancy childbirth and puerperium complications,circulatory system diseases and urinary system diseases all showed increasing (x2=53 806.94,6 893.95 and 15 383.14,P＜0.01),while proportions for injuries and poisoning,respiratory diseases,digestive system diseases showed a declining trend (x2=131 480.09,1 711.84 and 11 367.66,P＜ 0.01).Number of cumulative inpatient deaths exceeded 60 000,with the top five causes as malignant tumor,circulatory system diseases,injury and poisoning,respiratory system diseases and digestive system diseases,that accounting for 82.28％ of all the inpatient deaths.Deaths due to circulatory system diseases,injury and poisoning increased and then decreased.Malignant tumor and respiratory diseases-induced deaths showed an increasing trend (x2=1 546.48,309.55,P＜0.01),while induced deaths from disease of the other systems showed slight changes.The overall case fatality rate showed an annual decline (x2=4 378.63,P＜0.01),from 2.23％ in 1995 to 0.74％ in 2014,with mortality attribute to tumor,circulatory system disease decreased significantly.Conclusions Shenzhen had been under an ageing transition,with relatively young population living in the city.Chronic diseases such as tumor gradually had become the major causes for heavy hospitalization burden on the population of Shenzhen.
ABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the epidemiological features,spectrum and case fatality of malignant tumor patients in Shenzhen city,to provide evidence for the development of prevention and treatment strategies on malignant tumor in Shenzhen.Methods All the hospitalized malignant tumor patients including deaths,were monitored from 1995 to 2014 in Shenzhen,and data was analyzed by SPSS 20.0 software.Results There were 160 988 inpatients of malignant tumors between 1995 and 2014 in Shenzhen.The top three hospitalized tumors were lung (13.64％),liver (11.13％) and breast (7.86％) cancers.Numbers of the malignant tumor inpatients had been rapidly increasing during the past 20 years,12.3 times in 2014 higher than in 1995.The total number of deaths due to malignant tumors was 19 460.Deaths of the top three malignant tumors were lung (24.40％),liver (19.84％) and colorectal (8.63％) cancers and the number of deaths was increasing,12.5 times higher in 2014 than in 1995.The overall case fatality rate was 12.09％.The annual percent change (APC) of malignant tumors case fatality rate was 9.7％(95％CI:2.0％-18.0％),during 1995-2003,with an increasing trend (t=2.72,P＜0.05).The APC of case fatality rate during 2003-2014 was-3.4％(95％CI:-7.6％-1.1％),but the decreasing trend (t=-1.63,P＞0.05) was not statistically significant.The top three major malignant tumors related to case fatality rate were lung cancer (21.62％),liver cancer (21.39％),and esophageal cancer (16.50％).The case fatality rates of leukemia and liver cancer had decreased during the past 20 years.The case fatality rates of cancers in lung,esophagus,stomach,breast,colorectal and nasopharyngeal,had all increased.The number of male patients was significantly exceeding the females (x2=41.691,P＜0.01),with sex ratio as 1.65:1.From age 35 and on,the number of deaths due to malignant tumors increased significantly,with the peak after 60 years of age.Conclusions The number of malignant tumor inpatients had an annual increase as well as the case fatality rate.Cancers in lung,liver appeared the leading causes of death among the malignant tumor patients,with elderly in particular.Strategies related to the prevention and treatment of cancers in lung,liver should be strengthened.
ABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the epidemiological features,spectrum and case fatality of malignant tumor patients in Shenzhen city,to provide evidence for the development of prevention and treatment strategies on malignant tumor in Shenzhen.Methods All the hospitalized malignant tumor patients including deaths,were monitored from 1995 to 2014 in Shenzhen,and data was analyzed by SPSS 20.0 software.Results There were 160 988 inpatients of malignant tumors between 1995 and 2014 in Shenzhen.The top three hospitalized tumors were lung (13.64％),liver (11.13％) and breast (7.86％) cancers.Numbers of the malignant tumor inpatients had been rapidly increasing during the past 20 years,12.3 times in 2014 higher than in 1995.The total number of deaths due to malignant tumors was 19 460.Deaths of the top three malignant tumors were lung (24.40％),liver (19.84％) and colorectal (8.63％) cancers and the number of deaths was increasing,12.5 times higher in 2014 than in 1995.The overall case fatality rate was 12.09％.The annual percent change (APC) of malignant tumors case fatality rate was 9.7％(95％CI:2.0％-18.0％),during 1995-2003,with an increasing trend (t=2.72,P＜0.05).The APC of case fatality rate during 2003-2014 was-3.4％(95％CI:-7.6％-1.1％),but the decreasing trend (t=-1.63,P＞0.05) was not statistically significant.The top three major malignant tumors related to case fatality rate were lung cancer (21.62％),liver cancer (21.39％),and esophageal cancer (16.50％).The case fatality rates of leukemia and liver cancer had decreased during the past 20 years.The case fatality rates of cancers in lung,esophagus,stomach,breast,colorectal and nasopharyngeal,had all increased.The number of male patients was significantly exceeding the females (x2=41.691,P＜0.01),with sex ratio as 1.65:1.From age 35 and on,the number of deaths due to malignant tumors increased significantly,with the peak after 60 years of age.Conclusions The number of malignant tumor inpatients had an annual increase as well as the case fatality rate.Cancers in lung,liver appeared the leading causes of death among the malignant tumor patients,with elderly in particular.Strategies related to the prevention and treatment of cancers in lung,liver should be strengthened.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the risk factors for ischemic stroke in Uygur population in Xinjiang, China. Methods Using a case-control study mode, 504 Uygur patients with first-ever ischemic stroke and 507 Uygur healthy subjects w ere investigated in accordance w ith the principle of the ethnic, sex, and age matching. The risk factors for ischemic stroke w ere screened. Results Multivariate logistic regres-sion analysis showed that the obesity (odds ratio [OR] 4.82, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.80-12.94;P=0.002), hypertension ( OR 8.20, 95%CI 4.93-13.51; P<0.001), and heart disease ( OR 2.40, 95%CI 1.07-5.39;P=0.033) w ere the independent risk factors for ischemic stroke in Uygurs. While the education level of junior high school or above ( OR 0.38, 95%CI 0.18-0.81;P=0.012), tea drinking habit ( OR 0.22, 95%CI0.06-0.70; P=0.021), siesta habit ( OR 0.38, 95%CI 0.24-0.59; P<0.001), high levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( OR 0.34, 95%CI 0.20-0.59; P<0.001), and apolipoprotein A ( OR 0.23, 95%CI 0.07-0.77; P=0.017) were the protective factors for ischemic stroke. Conclusions The risk factors for ischemic stroke are more and typical in Uygur population in Xinjiang, China. Adjusting the diet structure of Uygurs, less taking meats and high-salt diet, intaking high fiber foods and fish, and appropriate physical exercise w il play an important role for the prevention of stroke in Uygur population.
ABSTRACT
Objective To verify the correlation between rs17118 polymorphism of xyluloknase homolog (XYLB) gene and risk of ischemic stroke in a Chinese Han population.Methods A case-control study design was used.The case group was the patients with first-ever ischemic stroke and the control group was the healthy subjects from hospital physical examination.Taqman probe fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction technique was used to detect the genotype distribution of rs17118 C/A polymorphisms.Results A total of 475 patients with ischemic stroke and 483 controls were enrolled in the study.The proportion of hypertension (67.9％ vs.22.2％;x2 =292.982,P ＜ 0.001) and diabetes (24.2％ vs.7.3％;x2 =25.864,P ＜ 0.001),as well as the levels of triacylglycerol (1.649 ± 1.126 mmol/L vs.1.157 ±1.480 mmol/L;t=3.592,P＜0.001),and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (3.499 ± 1.163 mmol/L vs.3.105 ± 0.627 mmol/L;t =-6.227,P ＜ 0.001) in the case group were significantly higher than those in the control group,but the total cholesterol level was significantly lower than that in the control group (5.144 ± 1.296 mmol/L vs.5.491 ± 1.335 mmol/L;t =4.650,P ＜ 0.001).The AA genotyp e (11.4％ vs.7.5 ％;x2 =6.136,P =0.016) and A allele (32.3 ％ vs.26.4％;x2 =8.093,P =0.005) frequencies in the case group were significantly higher than those in the control group.Multivariatelogistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting for traditional risk factors,the risk of ischemic stroke in AA genotype carriers was 1.97 times of the CC genotype carriers (odds ratio 1.971,95％ confidence interval 1.040-3.736,P=0.038).Conclusions The rsl7118C/A polymorphism of XYLB gene may be associated with the risk of ischemic stroke in the Chinese Han population.
ABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the VP1-VP4 genetic region of enterovirus 71 ( EV71 ) strains isolated from children with severe or mild hand, foot and mouth disease ( HFMD) in Shenzhen in 2012. Methods EV71 strains were isolated from five children with mild HFMD and five children with severe HFMD in Shenzhen in 2012.Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction ( RT-PCR) method was used to amplify the sequence of VP1-VP4 genes of EV71 strains.The sequences of the amplified products were analyzed by comparing with those of the EV71 reference strains ( A, B and C genotypes) published in Gen-Bank using nucleotide alignment, amino acid alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis.Results The homo-geneity between the EV71 strains isolated from severe and mild cases was 95.1%-98.2% in nucleotides and 99.2%-100% in amino acids.The VP1-VP4 nucleotide sequences of 5 strains isolated from severe cases and 5 strains from mild cases in Shenzhen shared 87.9%-97.8% homologies in nucleotides and 97.3%-99.9% homologies in amino acids with the genotype C EV71 reference strain.The EV71 strains isolated from children in Shenzhen were highly similar with the EV71 strain (FJ439769) isolated in Fuyang in 2008 and the one isolated in Jingdezhen in 2011 (JQ806378, C4a subtype) in nucleotide sequences.Mutations at the residue 31 in the VP1 region ( N→D ) were detected in 3 strains isolated from children with severe HFMD.Conclusion All of the 10 EV71 strains isolated in Shenzhen in 2012 belonged to the sub-genotype C4a.The mutation ( aa31 N→D) in the VP1 region of EV71 might be related to the different clinical mani-festations of HFMD cases in Shenzhen area.
ABSTRACT
Objective To measure the costs of primary health services in the community for developing government compensation standard and prediction of budget in 201 5.Methods Literature review and panel discussions were used to build the index database.A two-round Delphi expert consultation determined the work to do and steps for community healthcare standards.60 community health centers were sampled by stratified random sampling for survey,and the work hours,workload and service volume of respective services in 2013 were measured according to the service standards of primary care.Results The community primary care consists of the categories of outpatient services,nursing care, laboratory tests and drug management,totaling 20 services and 88 working procedures.The total work hours of primary healthcare service at 60 community health centers were 2 557 187.9 hours,which is adjusted to 2 959 21 5.1 hours based on workload coefficients.Based on the income standards of employees at the community health centers investigated,and the human cost price which was recommended by the experts,the total costs of primary healthcare of the 60 centers were 245 million,248 million and 318 million respectively,and the average cost was 71.0 yuan,71.8 yuan and 92.1 yuan per visit respectively.By such standards,the government should subsidize 38.9 ~ 60.0 yuan per visit to the centers.The total expenditure of primary healthcare of all communities in Shenzhen in 201 5 was predicted to be 314 to 407 million,for which the government is expected to subsidize 1.68~2.58 billion.Conclusion The subsidies for community primary healthcare fall short as the cost per visit runs up in 2013 to 71.0 yuan per visit or more,far above the current subsidy of 32.1 yuan per person.The subsidy per visit should be made 50.0 yuan in 201 5.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the potential substitution effect of hOGG1 and hMTH1 on oxidative DNA damage, based on gene-deficient cell strains models.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>hOGG1 and hMTH1 gene deficient cell strains models were established by Human embryonic lung fibroblasts (HFL) cells. After HFL cells being exposed to 100 µmol/L H₂O₂ for 12 h, HPLC-EC detecting technique and RT-PCR method were adopted to analyze the genetic expression level of 8-oxo-dG (7, 8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The gene-deficient cell strains models of hOGG1 and hMTH1 were obtained by infecting target cells with high titer of lentivirus. The mRNA expression level of hOGG1 was 0.09 ± 0.02, 91% lower than it in normal HFL cells, which was 1.00 ± 0.04. As the same, the mRNA expression level of hMTH1 (0.41 ± 0.04) also decreased by 60% compared with it in normal HFL cells (1.02 ± 0.06). After induced by 100 µmol/L H₂O₂ for 12 h, the genetic expression level of hMTH1 in hOGG1 gene-deficient cells (1.26 ± 0.18) increased 25% compared with it in control group (1.01 ± 0.07). Meanwhile, the genetic expression level of hOGG1 in hMTH1 gene-deficient cells (1.54 ± 0.25) also increased by 52%. The DNA 8-oxo-dG levels in hOGG1 gene-deficient cells (2.48 ± 0.54) was 3.1 times compared with it in the control group (0.80 ± 0.16), the difference showed statistical significance (P < 0.01). Whereas the 8-oxo-dG levels in hMTH1 gene-deficient cells (1.84 ± 0.46) was 2.3 times of it in the control group, the difference also showed statistical significance (P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Based on gene-deficient HFL cells models, a synergetic substitution effect on DNA damage and repair activity by both hOGG1 and hMTH1 were firstly discovered when induced by oxidation. The substitution effect of hOGG1 were stronger than that of hMTH1.</p>
Subject(s)
Humans , Cell Line , DNA Damage , DNA Glycosylases , Genetics , DNA Repair , DNA Repair Enzymes , Genetics , Fibroblasts , Metabolism , Oxidative Stress , Genetics , Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases , GeneticsABSTRACT
Overall enhancement of the public health system ranks a key task and goal for the ongoing health reform.This paper described the public health development in Shenzhen amid the ongoing health reform.Shenzhen has achieved the following objectives as required in the reform:better public service by public health institutions,availability of major and primary public health services as required by the state and city,overall elevation of public health service capabilities,and significant drop of disease morbidity and mortality.Challenges ahead include room of improvement in public health service network,incentive mechanism of public health service providers,and that of public health service delivery capability.
ABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the life quality in front and at the back of the cure of the floating population tuberculosis patients.Methods The SF-36 scale was applied to the new smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis patient in floating population using face to face interview in Shenzhen 6 districts.The contrast was tuberculosis patient in the population of the household register,the people stayed temporarily in the same term.Results The score of general health(43.36 ± 15.67),vitality(57.96 ± 16.54) and mental health(61.46 ± 14.26) in the floating population was lower than the appraisal result with the population of the household register(49.28 ± 17.85,66.38 ± 17.03 and 66.70 ± 15.12),the people stayed temporarily(45.00 ± 17.22,60.99 ± 16.59 and 63.13 ±13.71 ) (P ＜ 0.05 ).It was still lower than the other two groups after 2 (3) months and 6 (7) months (P ＜ 0.05 ).But the score of social functioning in floating population ( 88.92 ± 14.88 ) was higher than the other two groups (82.62 ± 14.44,68.02 ± 27.30).The change rate of general health ( (76.05 ± 132.82) ％,(69.32 ± 111.98 ) ％and (48.36 ± 101.31 ) ％ ) and social functioning scores( (46.49 ± 85.18 ) ％,( 26.33 ± 50.25 ) ％ and ( 51.09±73.44)％ ) were significant difference in the three groups(x2 =12.088,P=0.002;x2 =11.611,P=0.003).The change rate of the general health score in floating population was higher than the household register population and people stayed temporarily.Conclusion It is necessary to implement the management in whole course to the floating population tuberculosis patients.
ABSTRACT
In order to set up a medical security system suitable for laborers and solve for them the problem of inadequate and expensive medical services,the city of Shenzhen started on March 1,2005(apilot) cooperative medical care for laborers in the four neighborhoods of Buji,Longgang,Longhua and Shajing on the basis of an earlier model.The new model,which stipulated that each person paying 12 yuan each month,with the employer paying 8 yuan and the individual laborer paying 4 yuan,was entitled to both outpatient and inpatient medical services,was popular with both businesses and laborers.At present the number of people participating in the new model of cooperative medical care for laborers exceeded 1 million,the number of designated medical institutions was gradually increasing,and medical expenses were put under control.
ABSTRACT
Objective To study the change tendency of air pollutants in Shenzhen, China in 2002-2005, further, to explore the relationship between disease spectrum and air pollution. Methods The daily mean concentration of SO2, NO2 and PM10 in 2002-2005 in eight environmental monitoring sites were determined according to Ambient Air Quality Standard. Results Air concentrations of SO2, NO2 and PM10 increased yearly in 2002-2004, from 0.018 3 mg/m3 to 0.023 4 mg/m3, 0.050 1 mg/m3 to 0.072 5 mg/m3, 0.061 0 mg/m3 to 0.075 7 mg/m3, respectively, however, the concentrations of the three indexes decreased in 2005. In the past four yeas, average levels of SO2 were under the limit of grade 2 of GB3095-1996, as for PM10, under the limit of grade 2, and most of the concentrations of NO2 were under the limit of grade 3, but in the other two monitoring sites, the concentrations of NO2 in 2004 exceeded the limit of grade 3. The year average concentrations of SO2, NO2 and PM10 in 2002-2005 in the outer region were higher compared with those in the inner region of the special economic zone, except the level of NO2 in 2002. As for the quarter average concentrations of SO2, NO2 and PM10, 1st and 4th were higher compared with 2nd and 3rd. Conclusion The air quality in Shenzhen is better in China, however, more attention should be paid to the pollution of nitrogen oxides and inhalable particle matters.