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Objective@#To explore the chain mediating effect of cognitive flexibility and depressive cognition between mindfulness and suicide risk in undergraduates.@*Methods@#Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-revised (SBQ-R), mindful attention awareness scale (MAAS), cognitive flexibility inventory (CFI) and depressive cognition scale (DCS) were used to investigate 2 627 freshmen from a medical university in Guangdong Province.@*Results@#The scores of suicide risk, mindfulness, cognitive flexibility and depressive cognition were (M(QR)): 4.00(2.00), 67.00(15.00), 78.00(13.00), 5.00(7.00), respectively.The results of correlation analysis showed that suicide risk was positively correlated with depressive cognition (r=0.280, P<0.01), and negatively correlated with the level of mindfulness and cognitive flexibility (r=-0.253, r=-0.196, P<0.01). Mindfulness was positively correlated with cognitive flexibility (r=0.539, P<0.01), negatively correlated with depressive cognition (r=-0.518, P<0.01). Cognitive flexibility was negatively correlated with depressive cognition (r=-0.584, P<0.01). Mediation modeling analysis showed that mindfulness had a significant direct effect on suicide risk.The direct effect value was -0.101, accounting for 34.9% of the total effect.The total indirect effect of mindfulness on suicide risk was -0.188, accounting for 65.1% of the total effect.The mediating effect of cognitive flexibility as mediator between mindfulness and suicide risk was -0.063, accounting for 21.8% of the total effect.The mediating effect of depressive cognition as mediator between mindfulness and suicide risk was -0.054, accounting for 18.7% of the total effect.The chain mediating effect of cognitive flexibility and depressive cognition was -0.071, accounting for 24.6% of the total effect.@*Conclusion@#Mindfulness can influence suicide risk, not only through the direct path, but also through the indirect path of cognitive flexibility and depressive cognition, as well as the chain mediating path between these two variables.
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Objective To explore the chain mediating effect of cognitive flexibility and depressive cognition between mindfulness and suicide risk in undergraduates. Methods Suicidal Behaviors Question-naire-revised (SBQ-R),mindful attention awareness scale ( MAAS),cognitive flexibility inventory (CFI) and depressive cognition scale (DCS) were used to investigate 2 627 freshmen from a medical university in Guangdong Province. Results The scores of suicide risk,mindfulness,cognitive flexibility and depressive cognition were (M(QR)):4. 00(2. 00),67. 00(15. 00),78. 00(13. 00),5. 00(7. 00),respectively. The re-sults of correlation analysis showed that suicide risk was positively correlated with depressive cognition ( r=0. 280,P<0. 01), and negatively correlated with the level of mindfulness and cognitive flexibility ( r=-0. 253,r=-0. 196,P<0. 01). Mindfulness was positively correlated with cognitive flexibility (r=0. 539,P<0. 01),negatively correlated with depressive cognition (r=-0. 518,P<0. 01). Cognitive flexibility was nega-tively correlated with depressive cognition (r=-0. 584,P<0. 01). Mediation modeling analysis showed that mindfulness had a significant direct effect on suicide risk. The direct effect value was -0. 101,accounting for 34. 9% of the total effect. The total indirect effect of mindfulness on suicide risk was -0. 188,accounting for 65. 1% of the total effect. The mediating effect of cognitive flexibility as mediator between mindfulness and suicide risk was -0. 063,accounting for 21. 8% of the total effect. The mediating effect of depressive cogni- tion as mediator between mindfulness and suicide risk was -0. 054,accounting for 18. 7% of the total effect. The chain mediating effect of cognitive flexibility and depressive cognition was -0. 071, accounting for 24. 6% of the total effect. Conclusion Mindfulness can influence suicide risk,not only through the direct path,but also through the indirect path of cognitive flexibility and depressive cognition,as well as the chain mediating path between these two variables.
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Objective To explore the relationships among negative life events,meaning in life and suicidal risk of college students.Methods A total of 897 students from southern medical university were surveyed by adolescent life events scale (ALES),suicidal behaviors questionnaire-revised (SBQ-R) and meaningful life measure-Chinese revised (MLM-CR).Results The scores of negative life events,meaning in life and suicidal risk were 1.03±0.88,124.32±20.35 and 4.17± 1.66,respectively.There were 64 (7.1％) college students with high risk of suicide.The overall stress score was positively correlated with total suicidal risk score (r=0.134,P＜0.01).Total suicidal risk score was negatively correlated with total score of meaning in life(r=-0.340,P＜0.01).Moderating effects of meaning in life between negative life events and suicidal risk were significant (P＜0.01).Meaning in life fully mediated the effects of negative life events on suicidal risk (P＜0.01),which accounted for 59.6％ of the total effects.Conclusion Meaning in life as a mediator and moderator between negative life events and suicidal risk.Meaning in life might play protective role in reducing the suicidal risk.
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Objectives:To design a self-control training program based on the recent findings of self-control and self-regulation after taking full consideration of the unique characteristics of depression disorder,with an emphasis on behavioral activation and reinforcement.Methods:Totally 46 students who were diagnosed with major depression were randomly assigned to one of the two groups:Group 1 (n =23),and Group 2 (n =23).Participants in the Group 1 received 24-week self-control training program,as compared to Group 2 who received only baseline and post-24-week-intervention measurements,the measurements included Self-control Scale (SCS) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-Ⅱ).The self-control training included eight-week training modules and 16-week consolidation module.Results:In Group 1,the SCS scores were higher in post-intervention than in baseline measurement [(38.0 ± 6.3) vs.(34.7 ± 8.2),P ＜ 0.01],and the BDI-Ⅱ scores were lower in post-intervention than in baseline measurement [(19.0 ± 6.1) vs.(21.8 ± 4.8),P＜0.01] in Group 1.Whereas in Group 2,there were no significant differences between baseline and post-24-week-intervention measurements of SCS and BDI-Ⅱ scores (Ps ＞0.05).Conclusion:The study provides new evidence for the self-regulation model of depression.Self-control training could be an effective intervention strategy for the treatment of depression.
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Objective To explore the role of mindfullness in the negative life events,depression,and poor sleep quality.Methods Using five facet mindfullness questionnaire(FFMQ),adolescents self-rating life events checklist (ASLEC),self-rating depression scale (SDS) and Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) to investigate 2 792 freshmen in a medical university in Guangzhou.Results The FFMQ score (126.02±12.14) was negatively correlated with ASLEC score(23.93±19.81),SDS score(35.89±7.31) and PSQI score (3.45±2.13) (r=-0.17,r=-0.44,r=-0.26,P＜0.01).The boys in the aspects of " mindfullnessinaction" scored significantly higher than that of girls (21.20 ± 3.36,20.52±2.88,P＜0.01).The girls scored significantly higher than boys in the PSQI,SDS (3.58±2.15,3.21 ±2.08,P＜0.05;36.22±7.26,35.27±7.35,P＜0.01).Mindfullness and sleep quality showed a chain-mediated effect between negative life events and depression,and the model fitting was good (RMSEA =0.048,CFI =0.962,TLI =0.943).The total mediating effect size was 61.41％.The mediating path through mindfullness,with the effect size of 16.71％,and the chain-mediating effect was 8.94％.Conclusion The higher the level of mindfullness,the lower the individual's depression score and the better the quality of sleep.Mindfullness and the sleep quality play a role of chain-mediating effect between negative life events and depression.
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Objective To explore the role of mindfullness in the negative life events,depression,and poor sleep quality.Methods Using five facet mindfullness questionnaire(FFMQ),adolescents self-rating life events checklist (ASLEC),self-rating depression scale (SDS) and Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) to investigate 2 792 freshmen in a medical university in Guangzhou.Results The FFMQ score (126.02±12.14) was negatively correlated with ASLEC score(23.93±19.81),SDS score(35.89±7.31) and PSQI score (3.45±2.13) (r=-0.17,r=-0.44,r=-0.26,P＜0.01).The boys in the aspects of " mindfullnessinaction" scored significantly higher than that of girls (21.20 ± 3.36,20.52±2.88,P＜0.01).The girls scored significantly higher than boys in the PSQI,SDS (3.58±2.15,3.21 ±2.08,P＜0.05;36.22±7.26,35.27±7.35,P＜0.01).Mindfullness and sleep quality showed a chain-mediated effect between negative life events and depression,and the model fitting was good (RMSEA =0.048,CFI =0.962,TLI =0.943).The total mediating effect size was 61.41％.The mediating path through mindfullness,with the effect size of 16.71％,and the chain-mediating effect was 8.94％.Conclusion The higher the level of mindfullness,the lower the individual's depression score and the better the quality of sleep.Mindfullness and the sleep quality play a role of chain-mediating effect between negative life events and depression.
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Objective To explore the impact of short-term meditation on ego-depletion in college students.Methods Sixty college students without any meditation and mental calculation experience were recruited voluntarily,and were allocated randomly and equally into three groups: the control group,the rest group,and the meditation group(n=20 in each group).Participants completed the positive affect and negative affect scale and the first handgrip test.A difficult mental calculation task was used to induce ego depletion.After that,the control group performed the second handgrip test immediately,and the rest group had a 5-min break,while the meditation group had a 5-min meditation practice following a meditation audio.Participants then reported the task difficulty and the impulse to write down intermediate answers during the mental calculation task.They also finished the positive and negative affect scale again.The task difficulty and impulse scores,the number of response items and correct items,the change of the handgrip time and the mood between pretest and posttest were compared among three groups.Results There were no differences in the task difficulty score,the impulse score,the number of response items and correct items among the three groups (all P>0.05).The handgrip time was shorter in posttest ((71.91±24.58) s) than in pretest ((91.39±37.63) s) in the control group (P0.05).There were no differences in the change of positive and negative affect between pretest and posttest (all P>0.05).Conclusions hort-term meditation buffers ego depletion in college students,which cannot be attributed to affect.
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Objective:To explore whether implicit priming of self-awareness can prevent self-control depletion.Methods:Totally 60 college students volunteers were recruited,and were allocated pseudo-randomly and equally into the control group,the non-self-awareness priming group,and the self-awareness priming group,20 volunteers in each group.The scrambled sentence task was applied in implicit priming,the mental calculation task was used to induce self-control depletion indexed by task difficulty,the impulse to write down the intermediate answers,the number of response items and correct items,the handgrip test was used to measure self-control performance,and the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) was used to measure affect.The self-control depletion,the handgrip time and the PANAS scores were compared among three groups.Results:There was no significant difference in task difficulty score,impulse score,the number of response items and correct items among the three groups (Ps ＞0.05).The group differences of the change of positive and negative affect before and after depletion were also not significant (Ps ＞0.05).After controlling the effect of the first handgrip time before depletion,the difference of the handgrip time after depletion between the control group and the non-self-awareness priming group was not significant (P ＞ 0.05).However,the handgrip time in the controI group and in the non-self-awareness group were both shorter than that in the self-awareness priming group [(69.2 ± 3.6) s,(71.1 ± 3.6) s vs.(81.9 ± 3.6) s,Ps ＜0.05].Conclusions:It suggests that implicit priming of self-awareness might hold promise in preventing self-control depletion.
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Objective To explore the relationship among clinicians' work pressure,perceived social support and compassion fatigue,and to provide a new prospective for the localization studying of intervention and treatment to compassion fatigue.Methods Data of scale for occupational stressors on clinician,perceived social support scale and professional quality of life scale were collected from a sample of 533 clinicians and analyzed with structural equation modeling to study the relationship among clinicians' work pressure,perceived social support and compassion fatigue.Results (1)Work pressure(2.40±0.45),burnout (2.14±0.54) and secondary traumatic stress(1.93±0.60) scores of the clinicians with high perceived social support were significantly lower than that of the clinicians with low perceived social support (2.78±3.67,2.73± 0.59,2.32±0.71;t=7.68,-9.44,8.77,5.07;P＜0.01).Compassion satisfaction scores (4.15±0.63) of the clinicians with high perceived social support were significantly higher than that of the clinicians with low perceived social support (3.40±0.71,t =-9.44,P＜0.01).(2) According to relevant results,work pressure was significantly negative correlation with both perceived social support (r=-0.34,P＜0.01) and compassion satisfaction (r=-0.44,P＜0.01),and significantly positive correlation with both burnout (r=0.69,P＜0.01) and secondary traumatic stress(r=0.53,P＜0.01);while perceived social support was significantly positive correlation with compassion satisfaction (r=0.42,P＜0.01),and significantly negative correlation with burnout (r=-0.40,P＜0.01) and secondary traumatic stress(r=-0.26,P＜0.01).(3) According to the results of structural equation modeling,perceived social support played a partly mediating role in the effect of work pressure toward compassion satisfaction and fatigue with the intermediary effect of 55.4％ and 12.5％.Conclusion Perceived social support plays a mediation role between work pressure and compassion fatigue for clinicians,and better social support of the clinician is beneficial to clinicians mental health level.
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Objective To explore the mediating role of self-esteem in optimism and suicidal risks,and the moderate effect of life events in optimism,suicidal risk and self-esteem.Methods 1 750 college students were surveyed with the life orientation test-revised (LOT-R),the suicidal behaviors questionnaire-revised (SBQ-R),rosenberg self-esteem scale(SES) and adolescent self-rating life events check list (ASLEC).Results The total scores of SBQ-R,LOT-R,SES and ASLEC of college students were (4.78±2.10),(23.17±3.22),(29.58±4.43)and (36.54±21.73).Optimism scores were negatively correlated with suicidal risk scores(r=-0.23,P＜0.01),optimism scores were positively correlated with self-esteem (r=0.50,P＜0.01).Scores of self-esteem scales were negatively correlated with suicidal risk scores(r=-0.35,P＜0.01).A structure equation model consists of optimism,self-esteem,suicidal risk and it had a better degree of fitting (the path form optimism to suicidal risk were r =-0.05,P＜0.05,RMSEA =0.05,GFI =0.90,NFI =0.92,CFI =0.93).The relationship between optimism and suicide risk were mediated by self-esteem(P＜0.01),which accounted for 76％of the total effects.The life events' moderating effects between self-esteem and suicide risk were significant(P＜0.01).Conclusion Self-esteem has a significant correlation with optimism and suicidal behaviors,self-esteem plays an intermediary role between optimism and suicidal behaviors,and life events play an regulation role between self-esteem and suicidal behaviors.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the incidence of suicide exposure and its association with suicide risk in Chinese college students, and study the modulatory effects of suicide exposure on the relations between life events and suicide risks.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 8202 college students from 12 Chinese colleges and universities in mainland China completed a cross-sectional survey that included suicidal behaviors questionnaire-revised (SBQ-R), Adolescent Self-Rating Life Events Check List (ASLEC), suicide exposure questionnaire, social and demographic characteristics questionnaire.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The incidence of exposure to suicide events involving close relatives and acquaintances were 3.9% and 11.8% among sampled Chinese college students, respectively. Students exposed to suicide events involving close relatives had significantly higher total SBQ-R scores than those who did not (5.51∓2.44 vs 4.68∓2.11, P<0.01), and suicide events of acquaintances were also associated with significantly increased total SBQ-R scores (5.51∓2.44 vs 4.68∓2.11, P<0.01); these suicides events all contributed to significantly increased rates of suicidal ideation, suicide plans and suicide attempts in the college students (P<0.05). The life events showed a significant positive correlation with suicide risks (0.11≤r≤0.26, P<0.01). The interactions of exposure to suicide events involving close relatives and acquaintances and the interactions of life events and suicide of close relatives for suicide risk were not significant (P>0.05), but exposure to acquaintance suicide events moderated the effects of life events on suicide risk (P<0.01), and the college students with a high level of life events and history of acquaintance suicide had the highest risk for suicide.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>In Chinese college students, the risk of suicide is closely associated with exposure to suicide events and life events, and exposure to suicide events involving acquaintances can modulate the effects of life events on suicide risk.</p>
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Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Asian People , Cross-Sectional Studies , Life Change Events , Risk Factors , Students , Suicidal Ideation , Suicide , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Objective To explore the moderating or mediating effects of life-meaning between optimism and suicide risk in undergraduates.Methods A total of 1310 college students from one Chinese university completed a survey that included Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R),the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) and the Chinese meaning in life questionnaire (C-MLQ).Results The total scores of SBQ-R,LOT-R and C-MLQ of undergraduate were (5.04 ± 2.28),(11.22 ± 2.07) and (37.22 ± 5.22),respectively.Optimism had significant negative correlation with suicide risk (r =-0.22,P ＜ 0.01),and positive correlation with life-meaning (r=0.28,P＜0.01).Life-meaning had significant negative correlation with suicide risk (r=-0.18,P＜0.01).The life-meaning's moderating effects between optimism and suicide risk were not significant(P ＞ 0.05),while the relationship between optimism and suicide risk was mediated by life-meaning,and the mediating effect was 0.07,which accounted for 17％ of the total effects.Conclusion Life-meaning doesnt morderating effect,but partially mediates the relationship between optimism and suicide risk.
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Objective To study the relationship between social support and subjective well-being(SWB) of labor workers.Methods 1038 labor workers in Shenzhen were evaluated by subjective well-being scale for Chinese citizen (SWBS-CC), social support rating scale ( SSRS ).Results There was no significant difference in SWB between male and female( ( 63.51 ± 11.03 ) vs ( 63.22 ± 12.02 ), t = 0.389, P ＞ 0.05 ).The 30 ～ 49 age group's score was significantly higher than the 16 ～29 age group's( (62.80 ± 11.80) vs (64.54 ± 11.28), t=2.21, P ＜ 0.05 ).The married group's score was significantly higher than the unmarried group's ( (62.50 ± 12.18)vs (64.27 ± 10.80 ), t= 2.44, P ＜ 0.05 ).Social support was significant positively correlative with subjective well-being ( r=0.075 ～0.391, P＜0.05), except support availability was not correlative with both subscales.Subjective support, support availability and objective support were significantly positive predictions of SWB, meanwhile subjective support was the biggest( β =0.297).Conclusion Subjective well-being of the labor workers in Shenzhen have significant relationship with age and social support.To increase the emotional support for the labor workers could possibly help to improve their subjective well-being.
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Objective: To research the usability of the purpose-in-life test (PIL) for Chinese university students and evaluate the test’s reliability and validity. Methods: 1171 University students were measured by PIL, SCL-90 and Index of Well-being, and 140 University students were retested by PIL. Results: PIL had four factors (life feeling, life goal, life attitude and self-control) which were extracted by factor analysis. The split half reliability was 0.786, the Cronbach ?-co-efficient of PIL and the four factors were 0.878, 0.860, 0.809, 0.270, 0.406 respectively. The test-retest reliability were 0.837,0.849,0.630,0.314,0.728. The scores of Index of Well-being, the total scores of SCL-90 and the factor of depression were used as external criterion;the criterion correlation coefficient were 0.769,-0.504,-0.560 respectively. The correlations between the criterion and the four factors were significant (r=-0.240～0.787, P