ABSTRACT
The aim of the present study was to determine whether lipoarabinomannan (LAM), in combination with Freund’s incomplete adjuvant (FIA), was able to improve cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immune responses against ovalbumin (OVA) in cattle. Twenty-three calves were assigned to four treatment groups, which were subcutaneously immunized with either OVA plus FIA, OVA plus FIA and LAM from Mycobacterium avium subsp avium, FIA plus LAM, or FIA alone. Lymphoproliferation, IFN-γ production and cell subpopulations on peripheral blood mononuclear cells before and 15 days after treatment were evaluated. Delayed hypersensitivity was evaluated on day 57. Specific humoral immune response was measured by ELISA. Inoculation with LAM induced higher levels of lymphoproliferation and IFN-γ production in response to ConA and OVA (P < 0.05). Specific antibody titers were similar in both OVA-immunized groups. Interestingly, our results showed that the use of LAM in vaccine preparations improved specific cell immune response evaluated by lymphoproliferation and IFN-γ production by at least 50 and 25 percent, respectively, in cattle without interfering with tuberculosis and paratuberculosis diagnosis.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology , Cattle Diseases/prevention & control , Freund's Adjuvant/immunology , Lipids/immunology , Lipopolysaccharides/immunology , Mycobacterium avium/immunology , Ovalbumin/immunology , Paratuberculosis/prevention & control , Antibody Formation/immunology , Cattle Diseases/immunology , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Freund's Adjuvant/administration & dosage , Hypersensitivity, Delayed/immunology , Hypersensitivity, Delayed/veterinary , Immunity, Cellular , Lipids/administration & dosage , Lipopolysaccharides/administration & dosage , Mycobacterium avium/chemistry , Ovalbumin/administration & dosage , Paratuberculosis/immunologyABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmaceutical quality of quinine preparations sold in Nigerian markets. The organoleptic and physicochemical properties of quinine tablets, as well as oral liquids and parenteral quinine preparations, were assessed according to British Pharmacopoeia [BP] and unofficial standards as recommended by the manufacturers. Of the 6 brands of tablets assessed, 4 passed the uniformity of content test and 5 the disintegration test, but only 2 the dissolution test. The pH of 2 of the 6 brands of oral liquid preparations met BP standards, while only 1 oral liquid met the BP standard for percentage content. The assay further demonstrated that 4 brands of the parenteral preparations met BP standards for quinine content. All the parenteral preparations were found to be sterile. Quinine preparations sold in Nigeria varied considerably in their pharmaceutical quality. A strict check of the quality of brands of quinine by regulatory agencies and distributors before they are sold to the public is therefore recommended