Management of Helicobacter pylori Infection: A Comparison between Korea and the United States

Helicobacter pylori has been well known to cause gastritis, peptic ulcers, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, and gastric cancer. The importance of H. pylori eradication has been emphasized; however, the management of H. pylori infection is difficult in clinical practice. In both Eastern and Western countries, there has been a constant interest in confirming individuals who should be tested and treated for H. pylori infection and developing methods to diagnose H. pylori infection. Many studies have been implemented to successfully eradicate H. pylori, and various combinations of eradication regimens for H. pylori infection have been suggested worldwide. Based on the findings of previous studies, a few countries have published their own guidelines that are appropriate for their country; however, these country-specific guidelines may differ depending on the circumstances in each country. Evidence-based guidelines and clinical practice updates for the treatment of H. pylori infection have been published in Korea and the United States in 2021. This review will summarize the similarities and differences in the management of H. pylori infection in Korea and the United States, focusing on indications, diagnosis, and treatments based on recent guidelines and recommendations in both countries.

Diagnosis and Management of Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia: Current Status and Future Directions

Gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM) is a known premalignant condition of the human stomach along the pathway to gastric cancer (GC). Histologically, GIM represents the replacement of normal gastric mucosa by mucin-secreting intestinal mucosa. Helicobacter pylori infection is the most common etiologic agent of GIM development worldwide. The prevalence of GIM is heterogeneous among different regions of the world and correlates with the population endemicity of H. pylori carriage, among other environmental factors. GC remains the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality globally. GIM is usually diagnosed by upper endoscopy with biopsy, and histologic scoring systems have been developed to risk-stratify patients at highest risk for progression to GC. Several recent endoscopic imaging modalities may improve the optical detection of GIM and early GC. Appropriate surveillance of GIM may be cost effective and represents an opportunity for the early diagnosis and therapy of GC. Certain East Asian nations have established population-level programs for the screening and surveillance of GIM; guidelines regarding GIM surveillance have also recently been published in Europe. By contrast, few data exist regarding the appropriateness of surveillance of GIM in the United States. In this review, we discuss the pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of GIM with an emphasis on the role of appropriate endoscopic surveillance.

Current Status of Endoscopic Ultrasonography in Gastrointestinal Subepithelial Tumors

Gastrointestinal subepithelial tumors (GSTs) are usually detected incidentally on endoscopic or radiologic examinations. In conventional endoscopy, a GST usually presents as a protuberant lesion with an intact mucosal surface. As the lesion is located beneath the mucosal layer of the gastrointestinal tract, conventional biopsy typically does not reveal the pathologic diagnosis. First, a GST should be differentiated from an extrinsic compression through the positional change of the patient during conventional endoscopic examination. In cases of GSTs originating from the gastrointestinal wall, endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) can be beneficial for narrowing the differential diagnosis through delineation of echo findings and by determining the layer of origin. EUS findings can also help determine the management strategies for GSTs by making a differential diagnosis according to malignant potential.

Is screening and surveillance for early detection of gastric cancer needed in Korean Americans?

The incidence rate of gastric cancer in Korean Americans is over five times higher than that in non-Hispanic whites, and is similar to the incidence of colorectal cancer in the overall United States population. In Korea, the National Cancer Screening Program recommends endoscopy or upper gastrointestinal series for people aged 40 years and older every 2 years. However, the benefit of gastric cancer screening in Korean Americans has not been evaluated. Based on epidemiologic studies, Korean Americans appear to have more similar gastric cancer risk factors to Koreans as opposed to Americans of European descent, though the risk of gastric cancer appears to decrease for subsequent generations. Therefore, in accordance with recent recommendations regarding screening for gastric cancer in Korea, endoscopic screening for gastric cancer in Korean Americans should be considered, especially in those with known atrophic gastritis/intestinal metaplasia or a family history of gastric cancer. In the future, additional studies will needed to assess whether a screening program for gastric cancer in Korean Americans will result in a survival benefit.

Endoscopic Ultrasound-Fine Needle Aspiration versus Core Biopsy for the Diagnosis of Subepithelial Tumors

Subepithelial lesions are frequently encountered and remain a diagnostic challenge. Imaging of subepithelial lesions using endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) can be helpful in narrowing the differential diagnosis of the lesion; however, definitive diagnosis typically requires tissue. Many methods for acquiring tissue exist including EUS-guided fine needle aspiration, Trucut biopsy, and fine needle biopsy. Obtaining adequate tissue is important for cytologic and histologic exams including immunohistochemical stains, thus a great deal of effort has been made to increase tissue acquisition in order to improve diagnostic yield in subepithelial lesions.

Confocal Microscopy in the Esophagus and Stomach

Probe-based confocal microscopy (pCLE) is actively being investigated for applications in the esophagus and stomach. The use of pCLE allows real-time in vivo microscopy to evaluate the microarchitecture of the mucosal epithelium. pCLE appears to be particularly useful in identifying mucosal dysplasia and early malignancies that cannot be clearly distinguished using high-definition white light endoscopy, chromoendoscopy, or magnification endoscopy. In addition, the ability to detect dysplastic tissue in real-time may shift the current screening practice from random biopsy to targeted biopsy of esophageal and gastric cancers and their precursor lesions. We will review the use of pCLE for detection and surveillance of upper gastrointestinal early luminal malignancy.

Concurrent Chemotherapy and Pulsed High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Therapy for the Treatment of Unresectable Pancreatic Cancer: Initial Experiences

OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to evaluate the potential clinical value of concurrent chemotherapy and pulsed high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) therapy (CCHT), as well as the safety of pulsed HIFU, for the treatment of unresectable pancreatic cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twelve patients were treated with HIFU from October 2008 to May 2010, and three of them underwent CCHT as the main treatment (the CCHT group). The overall survival (OS), the time to tumor progression (TTP), the complications and the current performance status in the CCHT and non-CCHT groups were analyzed. Nine patients in the non-CCHT group were evaluated to determine why CCHT could not be performed more than twice. RESULTS: The OS of the three patients in the CCHT group was 26.0, 21.6 and 10.8 months, respectively, from the time of diagnosis. Two of them were alive at the time of preparing this manuscript with an excellent performance status, and one of them underwent a surgical resection one year after the initiation of CCHT. The TTP of the three patients in the CCHT group was 13.4, 11.5 and 9.9 months, respectively. The median OS and TTP of the non-CCHT group were 10.3 months and 4.4 months, respectively. The main reasons why the nine patients of the non-CCHT group failed to undergo CCHT more than twice were as follows: pancreatitis (n = 1), intolerance of the pain during treatment (n = 4), palliative use of HIFU for pain relief (n = 1) and a poor physical condition due to disease progression (n = 3). No major complications were encountered except one case of pancreatitis. CONCLUSION: This study shows that CCHT is a potentially effective and safe modality for the treatment of unresectable pancreatic cancer.

Current and Future Clinical Applications of High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) for Pancreatic Cancer

High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is a novel therapeutic modality that permits noninvasive treatment of various benign and malignant solid tumors, including prostatic cancer, uterine fibroids, hepatic tumors, renal tumors, breast cancers, and pancreatic cancers. Several preclinical and clinical studies have investigated the safety and efficacy of HIFU for treating solid tumors, including pancreatic cancer. The results of nonrandomized studies of HIFU therapy in patients with pancreatic cancer have suggested that HIFU treatment can effectively alleviate cancer-related pain without any significant complications. This noninvasive method of delivering ultrasound energy into the body has recently been evolving from a method for purely thermal ablation to harnessing the mechanical effects of HIFU to induce a systemic immune response and to enhance targeted drug delivery. This review provides a brief overview of HIFU, describes current clinical applications of HIFU for pancreatic cancer, and discusses future applications and challenges.

Enhanced Chemotherapeutic Drug Delivery to Tumor Tissue by High Intensity Focused Ultrasound / 대한소화기학회지

Cancer is the first leading cause of death in Korea. Systemic chemotherapy is currently the standard treatment for a wide variety of cancers; however, in the majority of cases, cure is not achieved, and the attendant side effects of the treatment are considerable. The effectiveness of chemotherapy in cancers depends on the adequate delivery of the chemotherapeutic agent to cancer cells. The achievement of uniform drug delivery of chemotherapeutic agents throughout tumors is limited by the anomalous vascularization and blood vessel permeability. Ultrasound has an ever-increasing role in the delivery of therapeutic agents including chemotherapeutic agents, proteins, and genetic materials. Ultrasound technology allows for the use of focused ultrasound energy for therapeutic purposes by delivering high-intensity focused ultrasound for applications such as tissue ablation, and enhanced drug delivery. We reviewed recent work in the emerging field of ultrasound-based therapeutics, with particular emphasis on the delivery of drugs to tumor tissue.