Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome with Multiple Orbital Myositis in a Patient with Crohn’s Disease

Purpose@#We report a case of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome with multiple orbital myositis identified via orbital magnetic resonance imaging in a patient with Crohn's disease who developed right eye pain and binocular horizontal diplopia.Case summary: A 46-year-old woman visited our clinic with a 2-month history of right eye pain and migraine, as well as a 3-day history of acute horizontal diplopia. She had previously been diagnosed with Crohn's disease and was taking immunosuppressive drugs. In the eye movement test, esotropia and an abduction limitation of -3.0 in the right eye were observed on the Krimsky test. There were no specific findings in anterior segment and fundus examinations. Orbital magnetic resonance imaging showed multiple extraocular muscle enhancement in the right eye and multiple extraocular muscle hypertrophy in the left eye. The patient was diagnosed with binocular multiple orbital myositis and right Tolosa-Hunt syndrome; she was treated with high-dose steroids for 3 days followed by lower dose oral medications. During the first week of treatment, the right eye pain disappeared and the right eye abduction limitation showed slight improvement. After 3 months of treatment, the right eye abduction limitation and esotropia completely disappeared. @*Conclusions@#Orbital myositis and Tolosa-Hunt syndrome are idiopathic, nonspecific chronic granulomatous diseases with painful ophthalmoplegia. We describe a rare case in which the two diseases appear together.

Presumed Latent Tuberculosis-related Intermediate Uveitis Manifesting as Recurrent Vitreous Hemorrhage

Purpose@#We report a case of recurrent vitreous hemorrhage in a patient with presumed latent tuberculosis-related intermediate uveitis, and we review the literature.Case summary: A 58-year-old male visited our clinic complaining of ocular pain, conjunctival hyperemia, decreased vision, and uncontrolled intraocular pressure (IOP) in the left eye. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 0.4 and the IOP of the left eye was 34 mmHg. Slit lamp examination revealed conjunctival hyperemia, corneal edema, and inflammatory cells in the anterior chamber and anterior vitreous; fundus examination revealed mild vitreous opacity attributable to vitritis. The high IOP and the intraocular inflammation were treated with antiglaucoma agents and corticosteroids under the impression of chronic anterior uveitis and uveitic glaucoma. Of the tests performed to identify the cause of the uveitis-related vitreous hemorrhage, the interferon-gamma release assay was positive. A presumptive diagnosis of latent tuberculosis-related uveitis was made after pulmonary tuberculosis was excluded by our respiratory internal medicine department. Isoniazid was administered for 9 months. The vitreous hemorrhage recurred 1 month after antituberculosis therapy commenced but, at 2 months, all of the hemorrhage was absorbed and the BCVA improved to 1.0 without further recurrence. @*Conclusions@#Intraocular tuberculosis can present with various clinical manifestations. If tuberculosis-related uveitis is presumed, tests for latent and manifest tuberculosis should be scheduled to allow of early diagnosis and immediate antituberculosis therapy.

Clinical Features and Course of Acquired Third Cranial Nerve Palsy

Purpose@#The purpose of our study was to investigate the clinical features and course of acquired third cranial nerve (CN3) palsy. @*Methods@#We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 40 consecutive patients who underwent at least 3 months of follow-up clinical evaluation from March 2016 to December 2019 who were admitted to the ophthalmologic department or referred from other departments of Samsung Changwon Hospital and diagnosed with acquired CN3 palsy. @*Results@#The average age of patients with acquired CN3 palsy was about 64.6 ± 15.9 years and the mean follow-up period was 4.4 ± 8.4 months. Microvasculopathy (twelve patients, 30.0%) was the most common etiology followed by brain vascular lesions (eight patients, 20.0%), and tumors (eight patients, 20.0%). The complete recovery rate was 67.5% and non-isolated CN3 palsy was recorded in 30.0% cases of which six cranial nerve palsy (in eight patients, 66.7%) was the most common. Microvasculopathy (42.9%) and tumors (66.7%) were the most common features in the recovery and persistent groups, respectively. Extraocular movement limitation at the first visit was smaller in the recovery group (−2.4 ± 1.1) than in the persistent group (−3.2 ± 0.6); the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.039). Pupil involvement was found in one (8.3%) patient from the microvascular group and in eight (61.5%) patients from the compressive lesion group. @*Conclusions@#The microvascular group or those with a low degree of extraocular movement limitation at the first visit had the highest recovery rate in acquired CN3 palsy. Although compressive lesions showed high pupillary involvement, imaging study should be considered for confirmation rather than attempting to discriminate the causative disease based solely on pupil involvement.

Clinical Features and Course of Acquired Third Cranial Nerve Palsy

Purpose@#The purpose of our study was to investigate the clinical features and course of acquired third cranial nerve (CN3) palsy. @*Methods@#We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 40 consecutive patients who underwent at least 3 months of follow-up clinical evaluation from March 2016 to December 2019 who were admitted to the ophthalmologic department or referred from other departments of Samsung Changwon Hospital and diagnosed with acquired CN3 palsy. @*Results@#The average age of patients with acquired CN3 palsy was about 64.6 ± 15.9 years and the mean follow-up period was 4.4 ± 8.4 months. Microvasculopathy (twelve patients, 30.0%) was the most common etiology followed by brain vascular lesions (eight patients, 20.0%), and tumors (eight patients, 20.0%). The complete recovery rate was 67.5% and non-isolated CN3 palsy was recorded in 30.0% cases of which six cranial nerve palsy (in eight patients, 66.7%) was the most common. Microvasculopathy (42.9%) and tumors (66.7%) were the most common features in the recovery and persistent groups, respectively. Extraocular movement limitation at the first visit was smaller in the recovery group (−2.4 ± 1.1) than in the persistent group (−3.2 ± 0.6); the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.039). Pupil involvement was found in one (8.3%) patient from the microvascular group and in eight (61.5%) patients from the compressive lesion group. @*Conclusions@#The microvascular group or those with a low degree of extraocular movement limitation at the first visit had the highest recovery rate in acquired CN3 palsy. Although compressive lesions showed high pupillary involvement, imaging study should be considered for confirmation rather than attempting to discriminate the causative disease based solely on pupil involvement.

Metastatic Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma to the Orbit Manifesting as Total Ophthalmoplegia

PURPOSE@#To report a case of primary ureteral small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma metastasis in the left orbital wall, with a review of the literature.CASE SUMMARY: A 79-year-old male visited our clinic with a 10 day history of ocular pain, ptosis, and ophthalmoplegia in the left eye. He had been diagnosed with diabetes mellitus and was being treated for prostate adenocarcinoma. The corrected visual acuity was 0.8 in the right eye and 0.5 in the left eye. An extraocular movement test showed total ophthalmoplegia, mild exophthalmos, and ptosis in the left eye. Orbital computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging showed an irregular mass-like enhancement in the superolateral orbital wall of the left eye, suggesting infectious and inflammatory orbital disease. After antibiotic treatment, high dose systemic steroids were administered. However, there was no improvement and the orbital CT was again performed, with no changes. A surgical biopsy for differentiating orbital tumors was performed and diagnosed as a metastatic orbital small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. Using positron emission tomography, he was later diagnosed with a metastatic orbital small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma with multiple metastases.@*CONCLUSIONS@#When the patient has a mass-like lesion on imaging with ocular pain, ophthalmoplegia, or ptosis, a surgical biopsy should be performed to make a diagnosis and determine the optimal management.