Development of Korean Version of Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCDQ-K)

Purpose@#This study translated the developmental coordination disorder questionnaire’07 (DCDQ’07) into Korean and investigated the psychometric properties of the Korean DCDQ (DCDQ-K) using validation processes. @*Methods@#The subjects were 300 parents with typically developing children aged 5-15 years (162 girls and 138 boys, mean age 9.24 years, SD 2.59) across the country. To develop the Korean DCDQ, a forward-backward-original author feedback-panel meeting-pilot study with parents was done. The internal consistency, test-retest reliability performed two weeks apart, content validity, discriminative validity, convergent validity, and constructive validity were examined with the pre-version of the DCDQ-K. @*Results@#Approximately 15.33% of the subjects were probably shown DCD using DCDQ-K. Significant differences in age and province were observed in the DCDQ-K total score. The reliabilities and validities were good in the DCDQ-K. @*Conclusion@#The DCDQ-K is a reasonable screening tool for DCD children.

Development of Korean Version of Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCDQ-K)

Purpose@#This study translated the developmental coordination disorder questionnaire’07 (DCDQ’07) into Korean and investigated the psychometric properties of the Korean DCDQ (DCDQ-K) using validation processes. @*Methods@#The subjects were 300 parents with typically developing children aged 5-15 years (162 girls and 138 boys, mean age 9.24 years, SD 2.59) across the country. To develop the Korean DCDQ, a forward-backward-original author feedback-panel meeting-pilot study with parents was done. The internal consistency, test-retest reliability performed two weeks apart, content validity, discriminative validity, convergent validity, and constructive validity were examined with the pre-version of the DCDQ-K. @*Results@#Approximately 15.33% of the subjects were probably shown DCD using DCDQ-K. Significant differences in age and province were observed in the DCDQ-K total score. The reliabilities and validities were good in the DCDQ-K. @*Conclusion@#The DCDQ-K is a reasonable screening tool for DCD children.

Functional Improvement after the Gross Motor Function Measure-88 (GMFM-88) Item-Based Training in Children with Cerebral Palsy

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate applicability of the GMFM-88 in planning intervention for CP children. Specifically, this study assessed functional improvement after a four-week GMFM-88 item-based training in CP children divided into three age groups (≤24 months, 25–48 months, and >48 months) and five levels of the gross motor function classification system (GMFCS). METHODS: Subjects were 264 children with CP (mean age 32.90 months) recruited from one CP clinic. The GMFM-88 item-based training was planned for each child, after an interview with its caregiver. To investigate functional improvement after the intervention, minimum important difference (MID) and MID proportion for the change in scores of GMFM-88 were calculated. RESULTS: The GMFM-88 scores increased after the interventions in all three age groups (p<0.05). In particular, children with CP aged ≤24 months and at the GMFCS level II showed greater functional improvement after training. CONCLUSION: This study found that the GMFM-88 item-based training would be used to plan activity-oriented intervention both in clinic and home in each CP child.

Reliability and Concurrent Validity of Korean Version of the Trunk Control Measurement Scale (K-TCMS) for Children with Cerebral Palsy

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to develop a Korean version of the trunk control measurement scale (TCMS) and examine the reliability and concurrent validity of the K-TCMS in children with cerebral palsy. METHODS: Subjects for the study were 23 children with cerebral palsy (CP)(mean age: 84.70 months) recruited from one CP clinic. For the interrater and test-retest reliabilities, four raters (A, B, C, D) measured the K-TCMS two times using video clips with an interval of two weeks. For the concurrent validity, the Korean version of the gross motor function measure (K-GMFM) was chosen. Inter-rater reliability and test-retest reliability of the three K-TCMS subscale (static sitting balance, dynamic sitting balance and dynamic reaching) scores and the total scores were investigated using the intra-correlation coefficient (ICC₃,₁). Spearman's correlation coefficient (r) was calculated to investigate the concurrent validity. RESULTS: The inter-rater reliability of the K-TCMS subscales and total scores were all high (ICC₃,₁=0.968-0.992). For the test-retest reliability, ICC₃,₁=0.827–0.962. The concurrent validity between the K-TCMS's total and three subscale scores and K-GMFM's total score were r=0.600–0.667. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the K-TCMS can be used in clinical and research settings as a standardized tool for CP children. The K-TCMS might be also useful for selecting treatment goals and planning interventions for children with cerebral palsy.

High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound for the Treatment of Wrinkles and Skin Laxity in Seven Different Facial Areas

BACKGROUND: High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) treatment has recently emerged in response to the increasing demand for noninvasive procedures for skin lifting and tightening. OBJECTIVE: This study was aimed at evaluating the clinical efficacy of and patient satisfaction with HIFU treatment for wrinkles and laxity in seven different areas of the face in Asian skin. METHODS: Twenty Korean patients with facial wrinkle and laxity were analyzed after a single session of HIFU treatment. Two independent, blinded clinicians evaluated the clinical improvement in seven areas of the face by comparison of standardized photographs obtained before, and at 3 and 6 months after treatment. Assessment of subjective satisfaction and adverse effects of treatment were done by using questionnaires. RESULTS: The physicians' evaluation and patients' satisfaction with the clinical effects of HIFU in each area were similar regardless of the number of treatment shots. The jawline, cheek, and perioral areas were the sites where HIFU was most effective, in decreasing order. The adverse effects included erythema and swelling in six cases, and purpura and bruising in two cases. However, the adverse effects were mild and transient. CONCLUSION: HIFU could be a safe, effective, and noninvasive procedure that can be used to improve facial wrinkles and skin laxity in Asian skin. It is particularly effective for clinical improvement in the jawline, cheek, and perioral areas.

Two Cases of Iatrogenic Calcinosis Cutis Following Extravasation of Calcium Gluconate in Neonates / 대한피부과학회지

No abstract available.

Reliability and Applicability of the Bayley Scale of Infant Development-II for Children With Cerebral Palsy

OBJECTIVE: To obtain reliability and applicability of the Korean version Bayley Scale of Infant Development-II (BSID-II) in evaluating the developmental status of children with cerebral palsy (CP). METHODS: The inter-rater reliability of BSID-II scores from 68 children with CP (46 boys and 22 girls; mean age, 32.54+/-16.76 months; age range, 4 to 78 months) was evaluated by 10 pediatric occupational therapists. Patients were classified in several ways according to age group, typology, and the severity of motor impairment by the level of the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS). The measures were performed by video analysis, and the results of intraclass correlation (ICC) were obtained for each of the above classifications. To evaluate the clinical applicability of BSID-II for CP, its correlation with the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM), which has been known as the standard motor assessment for CP, was investigated. RESULTS: ICC was 0.99 for the Mental scale and 0.98 for the Motor scale in all subjects. The values of ICC ranged from 0.92 to 0.99 for each age group, 0.93 to 0.99 for each typology, and 0.99 to 1.00 for each GMFCS level. A strong positive correlation was found between the BSID-II Motor raw score and the GMFM total score (r=0.84, p<0.001), and a moderate correlation was observed between the BSID-II Mental raw score and the GMFM total score (r=0.65, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The Korean version of BSID-II is a reliable tool to measure the functional status of children with CP. The raw scores of BSID-II showed a great correlation with GMFM, indicating validity of this measure for children with CP on clinical basis.

Inter-rater Reliability of the K-GMFM-88 and the GMPM for Children with Cerebral Palsy

OBJECTIVE: To examine inter-rater reliability of the Korean version Gross Motor Function Measure (K-GMFM-88) and the Gross Motor Performance Measure (GMPM) based on the video clips. METHOD: We considered a sample of 39 children (28 boys and 11 girls; the mean age=3.50+/-1.23 years) with cerebral palsy (CP). Two pediatric physical therapists assessed the children based on video recordings. RESULTS: For the K-GMFM-88, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC3, 1) ranged from .978 to .995, and Spearman's correlation coefficient ranged from .916 to .997. For the GMPM, ICC3, 1 ranged from .863 to .929, and Spearman's correlation coefficient ranged from .812 to .885. With the gross motor function classification system classified according to the functional level (GMFCS I-II vs. III-V), the ICCs were .982 and .994 for the K-GMFM-88 total score and .815 and .913 for the GMPM total score. There were good or high correlations between the subscales of the two measures (r=.762-.884). CONCLUSION: The K-GMFM-88 and GMPM are reliable tools for assessing the motor function of children with CP. These two methods are highly correlated, which adds more reliability on them. Thus, it is advisable to use K-GMFM-88 and GMPM for children with CP to assess gross motor function.