Cytokine gene polymorphism (interleukin-1β +3954, Interleukin-6 [−597/−174] and tumor necrosis factor-α −308) in chronic periodontitis with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Background: Pro-inflammatory cytokine gene polymorphisms are potential candidates for susceptibility for both type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and chronic periodontitis (CHP). This study explored the association of interleukin‑1 beta (IL‑1 β) +3954, interleukin‑6 (IL‑6) −597/−174 and tumor necrosis factor‑alpha (TNF‑α) −308 single nucleotide polymorphisms in CHP with and without type 2 DM in Malayalam speaking subjects of Dravidian ethnicity. Materials and Methods: This case control study consisted of 51 chronic periodontitis with type 2 diabetes mellitus (CHPDM) and 51 CHP patients as cases and 51 healthy subjects as controls. Polymorphisms were identified by polymerase chain reaction amplification followed by restriction enzyme digestion and gel electrophoresis. Results: IL‑1 β (+3954) TT genotype and T allele were significantly associated with CHPDM group when compared with CHP (P = 0.001), whereas CC genotype and allele C was higher in CHP subjects (P = 0.001). For IL‑6 (−597) frequency of genotype GA/AA (P = 0.04) and allele A (P = 0.01) was lower in CHPDM group, and for TNF‑α −308 the frequency of genotype GA (P = 0.01) and allele A (P = 0.01) was higher in CHP subjects when compared with controls. Conclusions: In Malayalam speaking Dravidian population, IL‑6 (−597) genotype GA/AA and allele A appears to be protective for CHP with type 2 DM. Allele C of IL‑1 β +3954 and allele A of TNF‑α −308 appears to be risk factors for CHP individuals.

Association of interleukin-4 and interleukin-17F polymorphisms in periodontitis in Dravidian ethnicity.

BACKGROUND: Complex network of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines are known to act in inflamed periodontal tissue. This study explores the distribution of interleukin (IL)-4 (+33 C/T) and IL-17F (7383A/G, 7488A/G) gene polymorphism in chronic and aggressive periodontitis subjects of Dravidian ethnicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This case control study consisted of 124 periodontitis individuals comprising of 63 chronic and 61 aggressive periodontitis subjects as cases, and control group consisted of 101 healthy subjects. All subjects were genotyped for IL-4 + 33C/T, IL-17F 7383A/G, 7488A/G by polymerase chain reaction amplification followed by TaqMan assay for IL-4 + 33C/T, restriction enzyme digestion and gel electrophoresis for IL-17F 7383A/G and sequencing for IL-17F 7488A/G. RESULTS: IL-4 + 33C/T was significantly associated with periodontitis (P < 0.05) at both allelic and genotypic level. In subgroup analysis also significant difference (P < 0.05) in allelic distribution between aggressive periodontitis and control group for loci IL-4 + 33C/T was noted. However, there was a lack of association between IL-17F 7383A/G and IL-17F 7488A/G with periodontitis and its sub-groups at both allelic and genotypic levels. CONCLUSIONS: In Malayalam speaking Dravidian population IL-4 + 33C/T loci appears to be an important risk factor for periodontal disease with a leaning towards aggressive periodontitis. The association between IL-17F at 7383A/G and 7488A/G loci with either chronic or an aggressive periodontitis could not be ascertained.

Association of generalized aggressive periodontitis and ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia-cleft syndrome.

Ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia-cleft (EEC) syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the triad of ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, and facial clefting. Even though literature has documented the association of various genetic disorders with aggressive periodontitis, the periodontal manifestations in patients with EEC syndrome have never been addressed. This case report presents the periodontal status of three patients in a family with EEC syndrome. The presence of generalized aggressive periodontitis was noticed in these patients. EEC syndrome could be a new addition to the group of genetic disorders associated with aggressive periodontitis.

Higher prevalence of periodontal disease among patients with predialytic renal disease

Aim: Periodontal diseases can have a significant effect on the systemic health. Chronic systemic diseases such as renal disease may also influence progression of periodontal disease. The present study assessed the prevalence of periodontal disease among a group of patients with renal disease and compared their periodontal status to that of healthy controls. Methods: 77 patients with different forms of renal disease and 77 healthy controls were examined for oral hygiene status, gingival inflammation, probing pocket depth and clinical attachment loss. The subjects were grouped into three as no/mild, moderate and severe periodontitis. Results: All periodontal parameters were significantly elevated in the case group as compared to controls (p < 0.001). The prevalence and severity of periodontal disease was also significantly higher in the case group (p < 0.001). Conclusions: This study provides evidence for a greater prevalence and severity of periodontal disease among patients with renal disease. The periodontal health of all patients with renal disease needs to be carefully monitored.