ABSTRACT
Background: Urinary incontinence is a common condition in pregnancy and postpartum. There are more than a thousand articles on urinary incontinence (UI) in pregnancy but very limited literature from Indian subcontinent is available. Incidence and prevalence figures of UI in association with pregnancy vary substantially. Not many reviews have focused solely on incidence and prevalence of UI in association with pregnancy. Prevalence of UI in pregnancy ranges from 32% to 64%.Methods: A cross sectional observational study was conducted in the department of obstetrics and gynecology, MGM Medical College and M.Y. Hospital, Indore over the period of 6 months on 1000 pregnant women who were following antenatal care (ANC) clinic. Pregnant women, who were severely sick, diagnosed with kidney or urinary infection and vaginal infections women were excluded from the study. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire. After the purpose of the study was explained, written consent was obtained from each voluntary participant. This study was approved by institutional ethical committee. The data was recorded in predesign coded case report form and statistical analysis was performed using the STATA 12.1.Results: In the present study the prevalence of urinary incontinence reported is 16.4% of women during pregnancy.Conclusions: In this study the prevalence of UI during current pregnancy was found to be lower compared to previous studies conducted. The previous history of surgery, constipation, obesity and respiratory problems were found to be significantly associated with UI during pregnancy.
ABSTRACT
Aim: Present study was carried out to determine the prevalence and epidemiological correlates of anaemia among adolescent girls (AGs) of district U. S. Nagar, Uttarakhand (India). Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted between March-November 2017 among 880 AGs (10-19 years) in 88 anganwadi (AWC) centers covering three blocks one each from rural, urban and tribal blocks of district U.S. Nagar. A pre-structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic, dietary and menstrual health data on AGs along with their anthropometric and heamoglobin (Hb) measurements. Univariate logistic regression analysis was performed using R software between independent variables categorised under socio-demographic characteristics, anthropometric, menstrual health and dietary characters versus the presence of anaemia. Independent variables which were found to be significantly associated with the presence of anaemia, in univariate analysis were further analysed through multiple regression analysis to find predictors of anaemia. Results: The mean age of the study population was 15.4 years. Prevalence of anaemia was found to be 83.18% among AGs with mean Hb value of 10.62±1.5g/dl. In univariate analysis, consumption of iron folic acid supplement (IFA), age, current school status, exposure to nutrition education on anaemia, mother’s literacy status, number of children in the family, abdominal obesity, behavior of skipping meals, number of meals per day, duration of menstrual flow and type of menstrual flow were significantly associated with anaemia in AGs. While multiple regression analysis revealed that the strongest predictors of anaemia were non-exposure to nutrition education on anaemia AOR (95%CI) 1.76 (1.36, 3.12); mother’s illiteracy AOR (95%CI) 1.56(1.17,1.96) and long duration (>5 days) of menstrual flow AOR (95%CI) 1.45(1.25, 1.65), and these were significantly associated with increased odds of nutritional anaemia while consumption of IFA AOR(95%CI) 0.329(-0.04-0.71), scanty menstrual flow AOR (95%CI) 0.692(-0.45,0.95) and late adolescent age AOR (95%CI) 0.45(-0.03,0.94) showed a protective effect.