An orthopantomographic study of prevalence of hypodontia and hyperdontia in permanent dentition in Vadodara, Gujarat

Developmental anomalies in the number of teeth can result from disturbances in the developing dental lamina of the tooth. The dental lamina may become hyperactive leading to the formation of a supernumerary tooth or may fail to proliferate leading to the congenital absence of a primary or permanent tooth. Aims: The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence and distribution of hypodontia and hyperdontia in permanent dentition, excluding the third molars in children in Vadodara, Gujarat. Setting and Design: A descriptive, analytical, and cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the above-mentioned aims. Materials and Methods: In the study, panoramic radiographs of 1816 children (967 girls and 849 boys), aged 8 to 14 years were recorded and inspected for anomalies in the number of teeth. Statistical Analysis Used: The data was analyzed using SPSS version 10.00 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, Chicago, USA). Descriptive statistics and Chi-square-test were used to compare the results. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Results: The prevalence of hypodontia was 11.01%, and the most frequently absent tooth was the maxillary lateral incisor. There was an increased prevalence of hypodontia in females and in the mandibular arch of the permanent dentition. The prevalence of hyperdontia was 2.97% and the most common supernumerary tooth was mesiodens. There was an increased prevalence of hyperdontia in males and in the maxillary arch of the permanent dentition. Conclusions: There was a high prevalence of hypodontia and a low incidence of hyperdontia in the studied population. Prompt diagnosis of these anomalies can help plan treatment modalities at an early age to establish a functional and esthetic dentition.

Evaluation And Comparison Of Mandibular Asymmetry Indices In Different Classes Of Malocclusion: A Radiographic Study.

Objective: To evaluate contribution of condylar and ramal asymmetries in various classes of maloclussion with the use of Orthopantomographs by frontal aspect . Materials and Methods: Panoramic radiographs (PRs) are routinely taken radiographs for the diagnosis purpose. All radiographs were taken by experienced radiology technician on digital panoramic system. The subjects were positioned with the lips in rest position & head oriented to Frankfort horizontal plane as suggested by Azevedo et al. The sample consisted of study five groups including 150 subjects of different types of malocclusions. All the radioghraphic films were traced & measured by the same author and all the asymmetry indices were measured using formula developed by Habets et al. Results: Descriptive statistics and Comparison of Condylar Asymmetry index(CAI), Ramal Asymmetry index(RAI) and Combined Asymmetry index(CoAI) showed that there no statistical significance within RAI (0.216) and CoAI (0.116), but statistically significant values were recorded within CAI (0.0052).We have found more asymmetry in condyle than ramus. Conclusion: Generally for orthodontic treatment orthodontist see mainly skeletal malformation in sagittal plan but from our studies it can be said that it is equally important to look for skeletal asymmetry from frontal aspect, particularly in lower third of the face and condyle. If such asymmetries are diagnosed earlier then it is possible to intervene them with the help of asymmetrical myofunctional appliances. [Manjiri J NJIRM 2016; 7(5):78-81]

Prevalence of most commonly reported tobacco‑associated lesions in central Gujarat: A hospital‑based cross‑sectional study.

Background: Oral cancer is a major health problem in tobacco users worldwide and is one of the ten most common cancers. India alone accounts for 1/3rd of the world’s oral cancer and has a high rate of potentially malignant disorders (PMDs). The most common predisposing factors are smoking, smokeless tobacco, betel nut in quid form (pan), alcohol, spicy food, and sharp broken tooth. There are various tobacco‑associated lesions (TALs) which can be diagnosed at very early stage. This study was conducted to rule out association of smoking and smokeless tobacco with occurrence of TALs and its dose‑response relationship. Materials and Methods: Total of 60,018 patients attending the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology from January 2013 to December 2014 with different oral and dental symptoms were screened. Of these, 4795 patients satisfying inclusion and exclusion criteria formed the cohort of the present study. All the patients were informed regarding the study and an informed verbal consent was obtained, following which they were interviewed for tobacco‑related habits and examined by the trained dental professionals for the presence of any lesion. Along with patients’ demographic details, information regarding the type of habit, duration, and frequency was recorded. Statistical Analysis: Statistical analysis was performed using STATA 13.1 software (STATA 13.1 software by Stata Corp Ltd India Continent) by applying Pearson’s Chi‑square test with Fisher’s exact test, Independent t‑test, and ANOVA test. Results: The overall study population showed maximum cases having habit of smokeless tobacco (37.9%) and smoking tobacco (36.5%). The overall prevalence of TALs was found to be 7.98%. Our study found strong relation of duration and frequency of habit with respect to occurrence of the lesions. Conclusion: TALs are often subtle and asymptomatic. Therefore, it is important for the clinician to maintain a high index of suspicion, especially if risk factors such as tobacco habits are present.

Nerve Conduction Studies In Lower Limb Weakness.

Introduction: Nerve conduction studies (NCS) are an essential part of the work-up of peripheral neuropathies. NCS with EMG allows diagnostic classification, understanding and separation of different neuropathies. Symmetrical lower limb weakness of neurological origin often demands EDX study. Neuropathies may be mixed or motor or sensory. Further it may be either axonal or demyelinating. Aims and objectives: To assess nerve conduction studies in symmetrical lower limb weakness patients with peripheral neuropathies. To estimate prevalence of neuropathies in this cohort. Material methods: Forty cases and equal no of controls underwent NCV study. Tibial peroneal motor and sural sensory nerve conductions were done. Data was stored in excel sheet for analysis. Different NCV variables were compared between the groups. Unpaired t’test was used for comparison of variables. Level of significance was kept at p value <0.05. Results: It was observed that DML, CMAP/SNAP amplitude, and CV of study group were significantly different as compared to control group (p value <0.05). Neuropathy was present in 31 (77.5%) cases. 25 (80.65%) cases were axonal and 6 (19.35%) were demyelinating neuropathies. NCV was normal in 9 (22.5%) cases. Conclusion: NCV study proved an essential tool in diagnosis of neuropathies in lower limb weakness cases. Axonal neuropathies were more prevalent as compared to demyelinating one. Mixed neuropathies were more frequent than isolated motor or sensory neuropathies. Presence of conduction block suggests acquired demyelination.

Awareness Of Basic Protocols Followed In Routine Dentistry: A Hospital Based Survey In Dental Institution Of Central Gujarat.

Abstracts: Background and Aim: Modern dentistry has been cited as one of the least hazardous of all the occupations, still many risks challenge the status of this occupation. Most of these risks are caused by failure of an individual to adapt to the working environment and establishing appropriate preventive procedures .Every Dental practitioner should have knowledge about professional hazards they encounter everyday like musculoskeletal problems, mercury exposure, accidental needle prick, eye splash and radiation exposure. The present study was conducted to assess knowledge about awareness of basic protocols amongst faculties and students in Dental Institution of Central Gujarat. This study was conducted to assess the knowledge regarding the universal protocols and the level of awareness of occupational hazards amongst the faculty and students of Dental Institution in Central Gujarat. Methodology: The data was obtained using a self-administered questionnaire categorized in three sections from a total of 213 subjects including faculty, postgraduate students, interns and undergraduate students of Dental Institution in Central Gujarat. Results: The present study showed that maximum numbers of undergraduate (48.78%)and post graduate students (62.5%) were working in strained posture while 62.2% of undergraduates were suffering from chronic backache. 67.97% of study subjects were not using any of the radiation protection measures. Majority of the study subjects were lacking in proper mercury and fixer solution disposal protocol. Conclusion: This study shows that although there appears to be a high level of awareness of exposure to occupational hazards, increased awareness must be created about the dangers of chronic mercury poisoning, radiation exposure and the importance of practicing universal protocols and use of proper posture during routine dental practice.

Correlation of magnetic resonance imaging findings in low back pain patients with daily travel time and mode.

Low back pain (LBP) is the major worldwide cause of pain and it is caused mainly due to long day sedentary work style in office and long hours of travelling in metro cities. The aim was to correlate the association of LBP with increase in time of travel and different modes of travel in metro cities. Methods: Of all the LBP patients referred from orthopedic outpatient department to Radiology Department for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) spine, 200 cases of those who travelled minimum 2 h daily and more were considered for this study. Results: The results showed correlation of increase in incidence of degenerative changes in spine and changes in disc with increase in travelling time and also the different modes of travel. The changes increased with time significantly in younger population. Conclusions: In our study of 200 patients complaining of LBP and having changes is spine reported on MRI showed reliable association of the LBP to the daily travelling of minimum 2 h and more, and associated with mode of travel, particularly two wheelers followed by public transport.

Evaluation and comparison of forehead angulations using cephalometrics between male and female human subjects.

Introduction: Sex identification is one of the important aspects of forensic sciences and many methods have been widely used for the same. Use of cephalometrics to establish age, sex and race has been adopted by forensic odontologists. But forehead angulations and quantitative measurements of its curvature to establish sex have been less explored. With above background a cross-sectional study was designed to evaluate and compare the angulations of the forehead at defined points between human male and female subjects. Materials and Method: Present study was conducted on 100 subjects. Lateral cephalogram obtained from 50 males and 50 females with age range of 18-26 years were transcribed on acetate sheet. Angulations on forehead and one linear measurement were calculated. Data was stored for analysis. Results: Mean values of angle A, B and C were lower and AD segment was higher in male group when compared to female group. Comparison of mean values of angle B and AD segment between males and females showed statistically significant difference (p value < 0.05). Coefficient of variation of AD segment was least among all variables. Conclusion: We concluded that, angle of curvature was higher in females as compared to males supporting the round forehead in female. Further, the proposed hairline in male was found to be slightly higher when compared to female.

Oral verruca vulgaris: report of two rare cases and review.

Varieties of verrucous and papillary lesions affect skin as well as oral mucosa. These are either benign or reactive. Verruca vulgaris is one of the most commonly observed skin growths, widely known as “wart” and a lesion of childhood. Intraoral warts can occur at any age but are most commonly seen in age group of 30-50 years with equal incidence in both genders. It is found commonly on the palate followed by lip, tongue, buccal mucosa and rarely seen on gingiva. Conservative surgical excision with safe margins is the treatment of choice. Two rare case reports of Verruca vulgaris present on very rare intra oral site, gingiva have been discussed in this article. Key message: Papillary and verrucous lesions are not uncommon in oral cavity but reported cases of oral Verruca vulgaris are very rare. Gingiva is again a very rare site for oral warts.

Assessment of nerve conduction study to establish most common electrophysiological predictor of lumbosacral radiculopathy among radiologically diagnosed L5S1 neural foramina compression cases.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and electromyography (EMG) are complimentary investigations in diagnosis of lumbosacral radiculopathy (LSR). With changing pattern of S1 electrodiagnosis by H-reflex study measures, electrophysiological studies were conducted to establish most common electrophysiological predictors of LSR in MRI diagnosed L5S1 neural foramina compression subjects. Fifty subjects, with definite L5S1 neural foramina compression underwent electrophysiological evaluation and the data was analyzed using established electrodiagnostic criteria. Reduced H/ M ratio in combination with absent H response was evident in 74 nerves. H-reflex study was abnormal in 88% subjects. Study concluded that, H/M ratio if used with other H-reflex study variables may be most common predictor of LSR.