Patient-Specific Implant for Primary Orbital Reconstruction: A Case Report

ABSTRACT @#The main aim of orbital fracture reconstruction is to restore the functional and aesthetic components of the eye. However, it is known that surgery for complex three-dimensional anatomy of the orbit is always a challenge. With recent advancements in technology, surgical predictability and outcomes have greatly improved. Several methods for orbital reconstruction surgery have been documented such as virtual surgical planning, intraoperative navigation, intraoperative imaging, and the use of patient-specific implant (PSI). PSI made of titanium can be designed by using a computer-aided design process and manufacturing (CAD-CAM) of CT-scan routinely used during diagnostic imaging. With precise analyses in shape and size followed by personalised implant design, the surgical precision can be alleviated further and at the same time, the surgical duration could be reduced with anticipation of better surgical outcomes. However, meticulous planning needs to be done preoperatively, with the timing of the surgery being an important factor. In the present case, pure orbital blowout fracture primarily treated with a personalised-implant solution derived from 3D-printing technology is described. Both pre-surgical and surgical workflow of this computer-assisted surgical method is elaborated. PSI for primary orbital reconstruction can be regarded as a viable alternative surgical solution including its working timeframe and adherence to the surgical protocol or algorithm.

Biocontrol capability of bacteriophages against soft rot disease caused by Dickeya chrysanthemi

Aims@#This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of bacteriophages isolated from Klang and Penang, Malaysia against Dickeya chrysanthemi that causes soft rot disease.@*Methodology and results@#Basic characterization such as dextrose test, citrate test, lactose fermentation test and ornithine test were carried out on D. chrysanthemi. Activity of bacteriophages against D. chrysanthemi was evaluated using spot test. Double agar overlay assay was performed to purify and enumerate the quantify of bacteriophages.Bacteriophages were also checked for its effectiveness in controlling soft rot on post-harvested vegetables: potato (Solanum tuberosum), cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and apple (Malus domestica). Results showed that D. chrysanthemiable to utilize citrate and dextrose as the source of energy, which indicated that D. chrysanthemi inclined to choose fruits and vegetables containing citrate and dextrose as the target of attack. Clear zone observed on the bacterial lawn (spot test) indicated the ability of the bacteriophages to infect and lyse D. chrysanthemi. All the bacteriophages studied herein reached the highest concentration on day 3 and were monovalent.@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#All the isolated bacteriophages were able to restrain the spreading of soft rot caused by D. chrysanthemi either work alone or as cocktail. This study provides information for the formulation development of bacteriophage against soft rot disease cause by D. chrysanthemi. Furthermore, this study reveals the potential of locally isolated bacteriophages against the D. chrysanthemi and paving the application of phage treatment on agriculture products that are not limited to potatoes, cucumber and apple.

Knowledge and Awareness about the Relation between Obesity and Academic Performance

Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health. It may even affect mental health also. Obesity also plays a role in academics; it may be disadvantageous to some of the students. Previous studies have found that obesity could influence academic performance. So this study concerned preparing questions and circulating among the students (school and college). The aim of this study is to determine the awareness level of association between obesity and academic performance. The purpose of the study was clearly explained to the students. A total of 100 responses were received. All the responses were taken into consideration and the statistical analysis paired t test was made using SPSS software for the representation of pie charts and bar graphs (association graphs). According to the results, 67% students answered that the rough weight of the topper of their class would be 45-65 kgs, 25% of them said that it would be 65-80 kgs and the rest 8% said that it would be 80-90 kgs. 37% of students responded that obesity is disadvantageous towards academics, another 63% disagree with it. Most of the students of this survey responded that obesity does not cause any adverse effects on academics. But the care should be taken by the obese students towards their health and academics

Comparative Study on the Effectiveness of Aerobic and Resistance Exercise among South Indian Population

These days people are more about how they look and are giving lots of importance to fitness. Aerobic exercise improves cardiovascular adaptations that increases the peak of oxygen consumption and increases the strength. This is more preferred than resistance exercise as it can be done at home. This study was a prospective observational study. The pros were easy to create. It has gathered large data, it is economical and it has quick interpretation. The cons were the homogeneous population and its survey fatigue. To minimize the sampling bias we have to minimize error in questions and avoid loading questions. This study contains 15 self-structured questionnaires which validated the study design, general population, methodology and its survey questionnaire are the internal validity. From the data analysis, the results showed that 95% feel it is good to do aerobics everyday and 5% feel it is not good to do aerobics everyday. 85% prefer walking is a good exercise and 15% prefer walking is not a good exercise. 85% feel aerobics tones our body, 15% feel aerobics does not tone our body. The aim of my study is to compare the effectiveness of aerobic and resistance exercise among the South Indian population

Awareness of Effect of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) on Blood Sugar Levels - A Survey

Introduction: Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is a spice utilized in Ayurveda, the conventional medication of India. Its root has a horsey smell (in Sanskrit, ashva signifies "horse" and gandha signifies "smell") and is said to present the quality and virility of a pony. Different pieces of the plant are utilized, yet the most well-known in supplements is a concentrate of its underlying foundations. Aim: aim of this study is to compare and assess the awareness among people on the effects of ashwagandha on blood sugar levels. Materials and Methods: A well structured questionnaire containing 10 questions was circulated among Indian population. The questionnaire has covered basic demographic data such as age, gender, weight, blood pressure and about the awareness of effects of ashwagandha on blood sugar levels Conclusion: From the above outcomes, it might be presumed that the Withania somnifera root extract can reduce blood sugar levels. It's mindfulness among individuals must be expanded

A prospective observational study of role of epidural in trial of labour after cesarean section in view of maternal and neonatal outcome in a tertiary care hospital

Background: In a well-equipped hospital, trial of vaginal delivery is done in selected cases of previous C-section (CS). Epidural analgesia administration has been proved to be good adjunct in trial of labor after caesarean (TOLAC).Methods: This study is a prospective observational study done in a tertiary care institution in Tamil Nadu from May 2019 to July 2019. 50 cases with previous history of one CS were selected. Single ton pregnancy, previous transverse lower segment cesarean section admitted cases with adequate pelvis with no other co-morbidities were selected. Epidural analgesia was administered once mother was in established labor. TOLAC was continued till satisfactory progress and emergency repeat caesarean was taken in case of Suspected scar dehiscence (SSD) or abnormal fetal heart rate tracings. Quantitative data was expressed in mean and standard deviation. For qualitative data percentage was used.Results: In 50 cases observed the mean age of the cases was 26±3.64 years. TOLAC was successful in 41 (82%) mothers out of 50. The mode of delivery in 41 TOLAC mothers was found to be forceps in 18 cases (36%) and ventouse delivery 18 cases (36%). Only 9 cases had needed emergency CS (18%). The major indication for CS in TOLAC was found to be fetal distress in 4 number of cases (8%). 43 babies delivered were healthy, 6 babies (12%) admitted in NICU.Conclusions: With the application of epidural analgesia on attempted vaginal delivery in previous cesarean, vaginal delivery was 82% cases.

Novel COVID-19 Pandemic Threat: Systematic Approaches To Preventing and Controlling Transmission in Eye Care System in Developing Countries

Background: 2019-novel coronavirus is a pandemic and major threat being how to avoid catching an infection. Purpose: To develop a working protocol to prevent and control community transmission of novel and life-threatening corona viral strain (COVID 19) in a tertiary eye care system of a tier-three city in developing counties such as India and underdeveloped countries. Methods: Prevention and control measures concerning staff training, working environment, staff health, patients, and outreach activities implemented and being practiced in our tertiary care ophthalmology hospital are focussed. Results: Proper and adequate training imparted by a qualified immunologist in addition to continual updates on disease out breaking news and guidelines to the employees. Ways to limit transmission within and between patients and staff are discussed in conjunction with the disinfection of equipment and high- and low-risk areas in a more frequent manner. Outreach camps are stopped in the obedience of the authorized governing bodies. Conclusion: This systemic approach developed based on our experience, and observational data will be useful in preventing transmission of this pandemic threat.

Meta-analysis - perineural invasion as prognostic factor in rectal cancer / Metanálise -invasão perineural como fator prognóstico no câncer retal

ABSTRACT Objectives: The aim of this analysis was to determine prognostic value of perineural invasion in rectal cancer. Methods: Medline (PubMed, Ovid), Embase and Cochrane Library were searched for relevant reports published from January 1980 up to December 2017. All clinical trials which studied perineural invasion in rectal cancer, prospective observational studies, clinical registry data and retrospective case series which reported perineural invasion as an outcome were included. Case reports, abstracts, letters and comments were excluded. hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to determine the prognostic value. Results: Nineteen studies comprising 6438 patients with rectal cancer were analysed. The results indicate that perineural invasion is a negative prognostic factor as evident from the overall survival (HR = 1.30, 95% CI 1.13-1.50, p < 0.01) and disease-free survival (HR = 2.14, 95% CI 2.06-2.22, p < 0.01). Conclusion: This study shows that presence of perineural invasion is associated with poor prognosis in rectal cancer.

RESUMO Objetivo: Este estudo buscou determinar o valor prognóstico da invasão perineural no câncer retal. Métodos: Relatos relevantes publicados entre janeiro de 1980 e dezembro de 2017 foram buscados nas bases de dados Medline (PubMed, Ovid), Embase e Cochrane Library. Todos os ensaios clínicos que avaliaram a IPN no câncer de reto, estudos observacionais prospectivos, dados de registro clínico e séries de casos retrospectivos que relataram IPN como um desfecho foram incluídos. Relatos de casos, resumos, cartas e comentários foram excluídos. A razão de risco (hazard ratio [HR]) com intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95% foi usada para determinar o valor prognóstico. Resultados: Foram analisados 19 estudos compreendendo 6.438 pacientes com câncer retal. Os resultados indicam que a invasão perineural é um fator prognóstico negativo, conforme demonstrado pela sobrevida global (HR = 1,30; IC 95%: 1,13-1,50; p < 0,01) e sobrevida livre de doença (HR = 2,14; IC 95%: 2,06-2,22, p < 0,01). Conclusão: O estudo demonstrou que a presença de invasão perineural está associada a um prognóstico ruim no câncer retal.

The role of hyperbilirubinemia as a marker of gangrenous/ perforated appendicitis

Background: Acute appendicitis is the most common cause of acute abdomen in young adults requiring Emergency Surgery. Diagnosing Acute Appendicitis clinically still remains a common surgical problem. Objectives: To study the Incidence of Hyperbilirubinemia in cases of Acute appendicitis and its Complications (Gangrenous/ Perforated), to compare other variables such as age, symptoms, clinical profile, total leukocyte count, Alvarado’s score and USG in a similar role. Materials and methods: All patients presenting with Right Iliac Fossa pain of abdomen who were admitted in the Emergency ward were evaluated by Detailed History and Examination and complete Hemogram, Liver function Test, Seropositivity for Hbs Ag, Alvarado's scoring system and USG. Confirmed cases were operated and clinical diagnosis was confirmed Per-operatively and post operatively by Histopathological Examination. Final HPE was considered as a gold standard for diagnosing and categorising patients as having Normal Appendix, Acute appendicitis and Acute appendicitis with Perforation/ Gangrene. During the study period, out of 249 cases operated, 246 cases were taken for study purpose. Rest of the three cases met the exclusion criteria. Two cases were HbsAg +ve and one case was Acute appendicitis associated with Cholelithisis hence, excluded from the study. Results: Within the 204 cases of Acute suppurative appendicitis, 35 cases had Hyperbilirubinemia (17.16%). Among 42 cases of Gangrenous/ Perforated Appendix, 36 cases had Hyperbilirubinemia (85.71%). Hyperbilirubinemia was most commonly associated with Gangrenous/ Perforated Appendix followed by Acute suppurative appendicitis. Here the cut off value for Hyperbilirubinmia was 1.15 mg and it was supported by statistical analysis. Conclusion: Total serum bilirubin appears to be a new promising marker for diagnosing Gangrenous/ Perforated Appendicitis. Patients with clinical signs and symptoms of Acute appendicitis with raised serum bilirubin should be considered as having high predictive potential for Appendicular gangrene/ Vijayalakshmi S, Jothi Ramalingam S. The role of hyperbilirubinemia as a marker of gangrenous/ perforated appendicitis. IAIM, 2019; 6(6): 100-105. Page 101 Perforation. Serum Bilirubin is an important adjunct in diagnosing the presence of Gangrenous/ Perforated Appendicitis along with other diagnostic aids. Therefore Hyberbilirubinemia may considered as a marker for Gangrenous/ Perforated appendix.

Anatomical Variations Of The Human Thoracic Duct

Background and Aims: The thoracic duct is the major lymphatic duct in the human body, the variations in theorigin, course and termination of the thoracic duct are of great clinical importance during surgeries related tothe upper abdomen, posterior mediastinum and in cervical region, but still now a detailed study had not beendone in Andhra Pradesh state, it was decided to undertake this present study. Isolation of the thoracic duct andtracing the origin, course and termination were done to know more about it than already documented andthereby hoping to add more information to guide the radiologists and operating surgeons.Materials and methods: A total number of 45 cadavers were studied, of these 15 were female and 30 were malecadavers. The material consisted of adult cadavers between the ages of 42-81 from the dissection halls ofdepartment of anatomy of 3 different medical colleges in costal Andhra Pradesh.Results: The observations of the formation, course, length, vertebral levels, types of cisterna chili, and variationsin the termination in cervical region are documented in this study. Conclusion: The present findings showed agreat variability compare the previous studies. The findings noted in the present study regarding thoracic ducthad contributed to a better understanding of the anatomy of the thoracic duct and will prove definitely useful tosurgeons during surgical procedures related to the thoracic duct.

The Study of Prevalence of Bronchial Asthma among School Going Children in South India.

Background: Bronchial asthma (asthma) is the chronic illness in the childhood resulting in morbidity as it is not correctly diagnosed and treated properly. It is basically an allergic disorder; certain respiratory infection and air pollution also contributes to its etiology. Methods: This study focusses on prevalence of asthma among school going children and also record the demographic profile. This study also highlights to spread the awareness and policy decision making in the diagnosis and treatment of asthma in children. Results: The prevalence of asthma among school children in the current study was found to be 4.5%. Maximum numbers of positive cases were found at the age of 15 years, 10 (5.37 %) cases. In the current study the prevalence of asthma was found to be 4.24% in the 12-13 years age group and prevalence was found to be 4.73% in the 14-15 years age group. The prevalence of asthma was found to be higher among boys (5.14%) than of girls (3.77%). Conclusion: This study could identify an array of risk factors possibly involved in the prevalence of asthma in this region. Recognition of the risk factors will help parents, medical personnel and health planner’s device preventive and early intervention programs to reduce the burden of asthma in the community.

Trend of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) among blood donors at the blood bank of a tertiary care referral teaching hospital in Southern India.

Background: Blood is a scarce, but lifesaving resource; it is also the most efficient vehicle for the transmission of Hepatitis B virus (HBV). Hence there is a need for accurate screening of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) among blood donors. The present study was designed to assess the seroprevalence of HBsAg, among the voluntary and replacement blood donors in the blood bank of a tertiary care referral teaching hospital in Andhra Pradesh. Methods: This is a prospective cross sectional analytical study conducted over a period of one and a half year. A total of 9909 donor blood samples were screened for HBsAg status using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The reactive samples have been tested in duplicate using different kit. The samples reactive in all three times were considered positive. The samples which were reactive only in first test were labeled as false positive. Results: Out of 9909 blood donors screened, 255 (2.6%) were initially reactive and 219 (2.2%) were reactive after triple testing. Conclusions: Our study showed similar HBsAg seroprevalence as that reported by World Health Organization (WHO) statistics in intermediate zone. But there was a mild increase in HBsAg seroprevalence among donors belonging to rural areas in our region compared to the urban donors.

Evaluation of penetration depth of 2% chlorhexidine digluconate into root dentinal tubules using confocal laser scanning microscope

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the penetration depth of 2% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) into root dentinal tubules and the influence of passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) using a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty freshly extracted anterior teeth were decoronated and instrumented using Mtwo rotary files up to size 40, 4% taper. The samples were randomly divided into two groups (n = 10), that is, conventional syringe irrigation (CSI) and PUI. CHX was mixed with Rhodamine B dye and was used as the final irrigant. The teeth were sectioned at coronal, middle and apical levels and viewed under CLSM to record the penetration depth of CHX. The data were statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. RESULTS: The mean penetration depths of 2% CHX in coronal, middle and apical thirds were 138 microm, 80 microm and 44 microm in CSI group, respectively, whereas the mean penetration depths were 209 microm, 138 microm and 72 microm respectively in PUI group. Statistically significant difference was present between CSI group and PUI group at all three levels (p < 0.01 for coronal third and p < 0.001 for middle and apical thirds. On intragroup analysis, both groups showed statistically significant difference among three levels (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Penetration depth of 2% CHX into root dentinal tubules is deeper in coronal third when compared to middle and apical third. PUI aided in deeper penetration of 2% CHX into dentinal tubules when compared to conventional syringe irrigation at all three levels.

Evaluation of penetration depth of 2% chlorhexidine digluconate into root dentinal tubules using confocal laser scanning microscope

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the penetration depth of 2% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) into root dentinal tubules and the influence of passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) using a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty freshly extracted anterior teeth were decoronated and instrumented using Mtwo rotary files up to size 40, 4% taper. The samples were randomly divided into two groups (n = 10), that is, conventional syringe irrigation (CSI) and PUI. CHX was mixed with Rhodamine B dye and was used as the final irrigant. The teeth were sectioned at coronal, middle and apical levels and viewed under CLSM to record the penetration depth of CHX. The data were statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. RESULTS: The mean penetration depths of 2% CHX in coronal, middle and apical thirds were 138 microm, 80 microm and 44 microm in CSI group, respectively, whereas the mean penetration depths were 209 microm, 138 microm and 72 microm respectively in PUI group. Statistically significant difference was present between CSI group and PUI group at all three levels (p < 0.01 for coronal third and p < 0.001 for middle and apical thirds. On intragroup analysis, both groups showed statistically significant difference among three levels (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Penetration depth of 2% CHX into root dentinal tubules is deeper in coronal third when compared to middle and apical third. PUI aided in deeper penetration of 2% CHX into dentinal tubules when compared to conventional syringe irrigation at all three levels.

Systematic review of efficacy of LIFT procedure in crpytoglandular fistula-in-ano / Revisão sistemática da eficácia do procedimento LIFT em fístula anal criptoglandular

BACKGROUND: fistula-in-ano is a common problem. Ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT) is a new addition to the list of operations available to deal with complex fistula-in-ano. OBJECTIVE: we sought to qualitatively analyze studies describing LIFT for crpytoglandular fistula-in-ano and determine its efficacy. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE (Pubmed, Ovid), Embase, Scopus and Cochrane Library were searched. STUDY SELECTION: all clinical trials which studied LIFT or compared LIFT with other methods of treatment for anal fistulae, prospective observational studies, clinical registry data and retrospective case series which reported clinical healing of the fistula as the outcome were included. Case reports, studies reporting a combination with other technique, modified technique, abstracts, letters and comments were excluded. INTERVENTION: the intervention was ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract in crpytoglandular fistula-in-ano. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: primary outcome measured was success rate (fistula healing rate) and length of follow-up. (AU)

BACKGROUND: fístula anal é um problema comum. A ligadura interesfincteriana do trajeto fistuloso (LIFT) é uma nova adição à lista de cirurgias disponíveis para tratar a fístula anal complexa. OBJETIVO: buscou-se analisar qualitativamente estudos descrevendo o uso de LIFT para fístula anal criptoglandular e determinar a sua eficácia. FONTES DE DADOS: as bases de dados MEDLINE (Pubmed, Ovid), Embase, Scopus e Biblioteca Cochrane foram pesquisadas. SELEÇÃO DOS ESTUDOS: todos os ensaios clínicos que estudaram LIFT ou compararam LIFT com outros métodos de tratamento da fístula anal, estudos observacionais prospectivos, dados de registros clínicos e série de casos retrospectivos que relataram a cura clínica da fístula anal como desfecho foram incluídos. Relatos de casos, estudos que relatam uma combinação com outra técnica, técnica modificada, resumos, cartas e comentários foram excluídos. INTERVENÇÃO: a intervenção foi ligadura interesfincteriana do trajeto fistuloso em fístula anal criptoglandular. MEDIDA DO DESFECHO PRINCIPAL: a medida do desfecho principal foi a taxa de sucesso (taxa de cura da fístula) e período de seguimento. (AU)

Atypical Presentation of Multiorgan Failure Leptospirosis (Weil’s Disease) without Fever.

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease of sporadic occurrence caused by bacteria that belongs to the genus Leptospira. Here we report a case of rare form of leptospirosis with multiorgan failure called Weil’s disease. This patient did not have a fever which is the most common presentation of leptospirosis.

Writing-to-learn attitudes of nursing students at Sultan Qaboos University

The objectives of this study were to assess the attitude of Omani nursing students towards writing-to-learn [WTL] and its relationship to demographic variables, self-efficacy and the writing process. A cross-sectional design was used to evaluate attitudes towards WTL by Sultan Qaboos University nursing students. A convenience sample of 106 students was used and data collected between October 2009 and March 2010. A modified version of the WTL attitude scale developed by Dobie and Poirrier was used to collect the data. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for analysis. Senior and junior students had more positive attitudes to WTL than mid-level students who tended to have negative attitudes towards writing. Although 52.8% students had negative attitudes towards the writing process, the median was higher for attitudes to the writing process compared to the median for self-efficacy. There was a positive correlation between self-efficacy and writing process scores. Overall, students had negative attitudes towards WTL. Attitudes are learnt or formed through previous experiences. The incorporation of WTL strategies into teaching can transform students' negative attitudes towards writing into positive ones

In vitro studies on phytochemical evaluation and antimicrobial activity of Borassus flabellifer Linn against some human pathogens

OBJECTIVE@#To detect preliminary phytochemicals and antimicrobial activity of seed coat of Borassus flabellifer (B. flabellifer) against some human pathogens.@*METHODS@#The antimicrobial activity of the organic solvent extracts of seed coat of B. flabellifer against various test microorganisms including bacteria and fungi was investigated using agar well diffusion technique.@*RESULTS@#The preliminary phytochemical screening of the aqueous, methanoic and ethanolic extracts of seed coat of B. flabellifer revealed the presence of certain phytochemicals like tannins, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides and terpenoids. The zone of inhibition of methanolic extracts varied from 16 to 23 mm where as with ethanol extracts from 14 to 23 mm and aqueous extracts from 10 to 15 mm at 50 mg/mL concentrations. Among all tested organisms, Aspergillus brasiliensis and Bacillus subtilis showed a higher rate of inhibition with ethanolic and methanolic extracts of B. flabellifer.@*CONCLUSIONS@#B. flabellifer exhibited higher rate of growth inhibition against some human pathogens, so it can be used for treatment of some infectious diseases. Further studies are being carried out to separate and purify the individual compounds that are present in seed coat of B. flabellifer by using various chromatographic techniques.

In vitro studies on phytochemical evaluation and antimicrobial activity of Borassus flabellifer Linn against some human pathogens

Objective: To detect preliminary phytochemicals and antimicrobial activity of seed coat of Borassus flabellifer (B. flabellifer) against some human pathogens. Methods: The antimicrobial activity of the organic solvent extracts of seed coat of B. flabellifer against various test microorganisms including bacteria and fungi was investigated using agar well diffusion technique. Results: The preliminary phytochemical screening of the aqueous, methanoic and ethanolic extracts of seed coat of B. flabellifer revealed the presence of certain phytochemicals like tannins, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides and terpenoids. The zone of inhibition of methanolic extracts varied from 16 to 23 mm where as with ethanol extracts from 14 to 23 mm and aqueous extracts from 10 to 15 mm at 50 mg/mL concentrations. Among all tested organisms, Aspergillus brasiliensis and Bacillus subtilis showed a higher rate of inhibition with ethanolic and methanolic extracts of B. flabellifer. Conclusions: B. flabellifer exhibited higher rate of growth inhibition against some human pathogens, so it can be used for treatment of some infectious diseases. Further studies are being carried out to separate and purify the individual compounds that are present in seed coat of B. flabellifer by using various chromatographic techniques.

An anomalous origin of obturator artery and its clinical importance in humans.

Background: Obturator artery is one of the medium sized parietal branches of the anterior division of internal iliac artery and it supplies the medial side of the thigh. It is the most variable vessel among the branches of the internal iliac artery. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on a total of 45 pelvic halves had been studied. The material consisted of adult subjects between the ages of forty and eighty five, from the dissection hall of department of anatomy of Alluri Sitarama Raju Academy of Medical Sciences, Eluru, and Andhra Pradesh. The findings were observed and recorded. Results: Origin of obturator artery was most frequently a direct branch of the anterior division of the internal iliac artery, in 16 specimens (35.55%). It was arising from the inferior epigastric artery in 12 specimens (26.66%). It arose from the common trunk of inferior gluteal and internal pudendal artery in 6 specimens (13.33%) etc. Conclusion: The variations in obturator artery may lead to surgical complications during pelvic surgeries requiring suturing along the pelvic brim. The anomalies affecting the arterial patterns of the limbs are based on unusual selection of channels from primary capillaries. The most appropriate channel enlarges, whilst the others retract and disappear, thereby establishing the final arterial pattern and resulting in variations in the origin. Prior knowledge of the anatomical variations may be beneficial for vascular surgeons ligating the internal iliac artery or its branches and the radiologists interpreting angiograms of the pelvic region.