Longitudinal Stress Fracture of the Ulna: Forearm Splint in a Military Cook With Wok Pot Use

Stress fractures of the upper extremities are rare. Here we report the case of a 20-year old man who presented with left forearm pain for 6 weeks. He worked as a military cook and used a wok pot. Plain radiography showed periosteal reaction with cortical thickening at the midportion of the ulnar shaft without a transverse fracture line. Magnetic resonance imaging showed diffuse bone marrow edema along the ulnar shaft. Segmental cortical thickening with periosteal edema was observed on the volar side of the midshaft of the ulna. Although a typical transverse fracture line was not clearly visible, T2-hyperintense curvilinear foci were observed within the cortical thickening. Coronal T1-weighted enhanced imaging demonstrated an obliquely elongated abnormality within the cortical thickening. A longitudinal stress fracture of the ulna, of the intracortical subtype, was diagnosed. Follow-up plain radiography and computed tomography confirmed an ongoing solid union after plaster cast application. The non-neutral posture while using a straighthandled wok for flipping and repeated action likely caused cumulative trauma to the patient’s upper extremity. Clinical history taking and imaging studies using cross-sectional images may facilitate the early and accurate diagnosis of an unusual pattern of ulnar stress fracture.

Shock Thyroid in a Patient with Septic Shock: A Case Report and Literature Review

Shock thyroid is a rare manifestation of the CT hypotension complex and can be diagnosed when thyroid and perithyroidal edemas are observed on CT during the onset of shock. Shock thyroid can be a useful CT sign for decompensated shock. This condition is reversible and recovers rapidly with adequate treatment. We present the case of an 84-year-old female with septic shock, exhibiting CT features consistent with a shock thyroid. We also reviewed the clinical and radiological findings reported in the literature. The present case emphasizes that shock thyroid can be an early indicator of impending hemodynamic instability and has important prognostic and therapeutic implications.

Shock Thyroid in a Patient with Septic Shock: A Case Report and Literature Review

Shock thyroid is a rare manifestation of the CT hypotension complex and can be diagnosed when thyroid and perithyroidal edemas are observed on CT during the onset of shock. Shock thyroid can be a useful CT sign for decompensated shock. This condition is reversible and recovers rapidly with adequate treatment. We present the case of an 84-year-old female with septic shock, exhibiting CT features consistent with a shock thyroid. We also reviewed the clinical and radiological findings reported in the literature. The present case emphasizes that shock thyroid can be an early indicator of impending hemodynamic instability and has important prognostic and therapeutic implications.

Correlation between MR Image-Based Radiomics Features and Risk Scores Associated with Gene Expression Profiles in Breast Cancer

Purpose@#To investigate the correlation between magnetic resonance (MR) image-based radiomics features and the genomic features of breast cancer by focusing on biomolecular intrinsic subtypes and gene expression profiles based on risk scores. @*Materials and Methods@#We used the publicly available datasets from the Cancer Genome Atlas and the Cancer Imaging Archive to extract the radiomics features of 122 breast cancers on MR images. Furthermore, PAM50 intrinsic subtypes were classified and their risk scores were determined from gene expression profiles. The relationship between radiomics features and biomolecular characteristics was analyzed. A penalized generalized regression analysis was performed to build prediction models. @*Results@#The PAM50 subtype demonstrated a statistically significant association with the maximum 2D diameter (p = 0.0189), degree of correlation (p = 0.0386), and inverse difference moment normalized (p = 0.0337). Among risk score systems, GGI and GENE70 shared 8 correlated radiomic features (p = 0.0008–0.0492) that were statistically significant. Although the maximum 2D diameter was most significantly correlated to both score systems (p = 0.0139, and p = 0.0008), the overall degree of correlation of the prediction models was weak with the highest correlation coefficient of GENE70 being 0.2171. @*Conclusion@#Maximum 2D diameter, degree of correlation, and inverse difference moment normalized demonstrated significant relationships with the PAM50 intrinsic subtypes along with gene expression profile-based risk scores such as GENE70, despite weak correlations.

Correlation between magnetic resonance imaging and cone-beam computed tomography for maxillary sinus graft assessment

Purpose@#Little is known regarding the accuracy of clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocols with acceptable scan times in sinus graft assessment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlations between MRI and cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) measurements of maxillary sinus grafts using 2 different clinical MRI imaging protocols. @*Materials and Methods@#A total of 15 patients who underwent unilateral sinus lift surgery with biphasic calcium phosphate were included in this study. CBCT, T1-weighted MRI, and T2-weighted MRI scans were taken 6 months after sinus lift surgery. Linear measurements of the maximum height and buccolingual width in coronal images, as well as the maximum anteroposterior depth in sagittal images, were performed by 2 trained observers using CBCT and MRI Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine files. Microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) was also performed to confirm the presence of bone tissue in the grafted area. Correlations between MRI and CBCT measurements were assessed with the Pearson test. @*Results@#Significant correlations between CBCT and MRI were found for sinus graft height (T1-weighted, r=0.711 and p<0.05; T2-weighted, r=0.713 and p<0.05), buccolingual width (T1-weighted, r=0.892 and p<0.05; T2-weighted, r=0.956 and p<0.05), and anteroposterior depth (T1-weighted, r=0.731 and p<0.05; T2-weighted, r=0.873 and p<0.05). The presence of bone tissue in the grafted areas was confirmed via micro-CT. @*Conclusion@#Both MRI pulse sequences tested can be used for sinus graft measurements, as strong correlations with CBCT were found. However, correlations between T2-weighted MRI and CBCT were slightly higher than those between T1-weighted MRI and CBCT.

Comparison between different cone-beam computed tomography devices in the detection of mechanically simulated peri-implant bone defects

Purpose@#This study compared 2 cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) systems in the detection of mechanically simulated peri-implant buccal bone defects in dry human mandibles. @*Materials and Methods@#Twenty-four implants were placed in 7 dry human mandibles. Peri-implant bone defects were created in the buccal plates of 16 implants using spherical burs. All mandibles were scanned using 2 CBCT systems with their commonly used acquisition protocols: i-CAT Gendex CB-500 (Imaging Sciences, Hatfield, PA, USA; field of view [FOV], 8 cm×8 cm; voxel size, 0.125 mm; 120 kVp; 5 mA; 23 s) and Orthopantomograph OP300 (Intrumentarium, Tuusula, Finland; FOV, 6 cm×8 cm; voxel size, 0.085 mm; 90 kVp; 6.3 mA; 13 s). Two oral and maxillofacial radiologists assessed the CBCT images for the presence of a defect and measured the depth of the bone defects. Diagnostic performance was compared in terms of the area under the curve (AUC), accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and intraclass correlation coefficient. @*Results@#High intraobserver and interobserver agreement was found (p<0.05). The OP300 showed slightly better diagnostic performance and higher detection rates than the CB-500 (AUC, 0.56±0.03), with a mean accuracy of 75.0%, sensitivity of 81.2%, and specificity of 62.5%. Higher contrast was observed with the CB-500, whereas the OP300 formed more artifacts. @*Conclusion@#Within the limitations of this study, the present results suggest that the choice of CBCT systems with their respective commonly used acquisition protocols does not significantly affect diagnostic performance in detecting and measuring buccal peri-implant bone loss.

Secondary Cervicothoracic Scoliosis in Congenital Muscular Torticollis

BACKGROUND: Although secondary cervicothoracic scoliosis frequently occurs in patients with congenital muscular torticollis (CMT), the relationship between scoliosis and CMT has not been evaluated. This study aims to evaluate the effects of surgical release of sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle on secondary cervicothoracic scoliosis in patients with CMT and determine factors affecting the improvement of scoliosis after surgical release of SCM muscle. METHODS: Eighty-seven of the 106 patients, confirmed as having secondary cervicothoracic scoliosis with CMT with a minimum 1-year follow-up, were included in this study. Preoperative and last follow-up radiologic outcomes were assessed for the cervicomandibular angle (CMA), Cobb angle of the cervicothoracic scoliosis, and direction of convexity in the scoliosis curve. Patients were divided into two groups to assess the improvement of Cobb angle according to residual growth potential; age ≤ 15 years and > 15 years. The improvement of Cobb angle after surgical release was compared in the two groups. Correlation analysis and multivariable regression analysis were performed to determine the factors affecting the improvement of scoliosis. RESULTS: All the radiologic parameters, such as the Cobb angle and CMA, improved significantly after surgical release (p 15 years (p < 0.001). The improvement of Cobb angle was significantly correlated with age (r = −0.474, p < 0.001) and the preoperative Cobb angle (r = 0.221, p = 0.036). In multivariable regression analysis, age and preoperative Cobb angle were shown to be predisposing factors affecting the improvement of scoliosis. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that SCM release can be a beneficial treatment for secondary cervicothoracic scoliosis. The improvement of scoliosis was greater when the SCM release was performed before the patient reached the end of growth.

Transfusional Iron Overload and Choroid Plexus Hemosiderosis in a Pediatric Patient: Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings

Hemosiderosis is characterized by the deposition of excess iron in body tissues. The choroid plexus is an important part of the central nervous system that can be the primary site of iron overload. T2*-weighted gradient echo (GRE) sequence provides high sensitivity for demonstrating cerebral microhemorrhagic foci and iron deposition. In the present study, we describe the case of a 15-year-old boy with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, in whom repeated transfusion led to iron accumulation in the brain. GRE sequence effectively demonstrated hemosiderin deposition in the choroid plexus.

Rapidly Growing Anaplastic Ganglioglioma Mimicking Brain Metastasis in a Middle-Aged Woman: A Case Report

Anaplastic gangliogliomas (AGGs), the malignant counterpart of gangliogliomas, are classified as grade III tumors by the World Health Organization. Although, the clinical course and optimal treatment of AGGs are not well understood, they often result in worse local control rate and shorter survival. The authors describe the magnetic resonance imaging findings of a middle-aged woman with supratentorial AGG, that manifested as a rapidly growing cystic mass which mimicked metastasis. The authors suggest that AGG may be considered as a possible diagnosis for a rapidly growing peripheral enhancing mass in the brain, especially when it is superficially located.

Acromion Index in Korean Population and Its Relationship with Rotator Cuff Tears

BACKGROUND: Among the many causes of rotator cuff tears, scapular morphology is associated with the accelerating degenerative process of the rotator cuff. Acromion index (AI) was previously introduced and compared in two populations. METHODS: We enrolled 100 Korean patients diagnosed with full-thickness rotator cuff tears by magnetic resonance imaging and intraoperative arthroscopic findings between January and December 2013. Another 100 Korean patients with an intact rotator cuff tendon identified on magnetic resonance imaging and other shoulder diseases, such as frozen shoulder and instability, were enrolled as controls. We retrospectively compared these 100 rotator cuff tear patients (mean age, 63 years) and 100 controls (mean age, 51 years) in this study. Two independent orthopedic surgeons assessed the AI on radiographs. We performed an interobserver reliability test of the AI assessment, and then compared the AI between two groups. RESULTS: The measurement of the AI showed excellent reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.82). The mean AI in the rotator cuff tear group was 0.68 and it was significantly different between groups (p<0.001, 95% confidence interval). The AI was not related to tear size. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that the AI was an effective predictive factor for rotator cuff tears in a Korean population.

Pyrrole-Derivative of Chalcone, (E)-3-Phenyl-1-(2-Pyrrolyl)-2-Propenone, Inhibits Inflammatory Responses via Inhibition of Src, Syk, and TAK1 Kinase Activities

(E)-3-Phenyl-1-(2-pyrrolyl)-2-propenone (PPP) is a pyrrole derivative of chalcone, in which the B-ring of chalcone linked to β-carbon is replaced by pyrrole group. While pyrrole has been studied for possible Src inhibition activity, chalcone, especially the substituents on the B-ring, has shown pharmaceutical, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant properties via inhibition of NF-κB activity. Our study is aimed to investigate whether this novel synthetic compound retains or enhances the pharmaceutically beneficial activities from the both structures. For this purpose, inflammatory responses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells were analyzed. Nitric oxide (NO) production, inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA expression, and the intracellular inflammatory signaling cascade were measured. Interestingly, PPP strongly inhibited NO release in a dose-dependent manner. To further investigate this anti-inflammatory activity, we identified molecular pathways by immunoblot analyses of nuclear fractions and whole cell lysates prepared from LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells with or without PPP pretreatment. The nuclear levels of p50, c-Jun, and c-Fos were significantly inhibited when cells were exposed to PPP. Moreover, according to the luciferase reporter gene assay after cotransfection with either TRIF or MyD88 in HEK293 cells, NF-κB-mediated luciferase activity dose-dependently diminished. Additionally, it was confirmed that PPP dampens the upstream signaling cascade of NF-κB and AP-1 activation. Thus, PPP inhibited Syk, Src, and TAK1 activities induced by LPS or induced by overexpression of these genes. Therefore, our results suggest that PPP displays anti-inflammatory activity via inhibition of Syk, Src, and TAK1 activity, which may be developed as a novel anti-inflammatory drug.

Antiplatelet and Antithrombotic Effects of the Extract of Lindera obtusiloba Leaves

Lindera obtusiloba has been used in traditional herbal medicine for the treatment of blood stasis and inflammation. The leaves of Lindera obtusiloba have been reported to exhibit various physiological activities. However, there is little information available on their antiplatelet and antithrombotic activities. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of Lindera obtusiloba leaf extract (LLE) on platelet activities, coagulation and thromboembolism. In a platelet aggregation study, LLE significantly inhibited various agonist-induced platelet aggregations in vitro and ex vivo. Furthermore, LLE significantly inhibited collagen-induced thromboxane A2 (TXA2) production in rat platelets. In addition, oral administration of LLE was protective in a mouse model of pulmonary thromboembolism induced by intravenous injection of a mixture of collagen and epinephrine. Interestingly, LLE did not significantly alter prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). This study indicates that the antithrombotic effects of LLE might be due to its antiplatelet activities rather than anticoagulation. Taken together, these results suggest that LLE may be a candidate preventive and therapeutic agent in cardiovascular diseases associated with platelet hyperactivity.

Comparison of the diagnostic performance of panoramic and occlusal radiographs in detecting submandibular sialoliths

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess and compare the diagnostic performance of panoramic and occlusal radiographs in detecting submandibular sialoliths. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 40 patients (20 cases and 20 controls) were included in this retrospective study. Cases were defined as subjects with a submandibular sialolith confirmed by computed tomography (CT), whereas controls did not have any submandibular calcifications. Three observers with different expertise levels assessed panoramic and occlusal radiographs of all subjects for the presence of sialoliths. Intraobserver and interobserver agreement were assessed using the kappa test. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive and negative predictive values, and the diagnostic odds ratio of panoramic and occlusal radiographs in screening for submandibular sialoliths were calculated for each observer. RESULTS: The sensitivity and specificity values for occlusal and panoramic radiographs all ranged from 80% to 100%. The lowest values of sensitivity and specificity observed among the observers were 82.6% and 80%, respectively (P=0.001). Intraobserver and interobserver agreement were higher for occlusal radiographs than for panoramic radiographs, although panoramic radiographs demonstrated a higher overall accuracy. CONCLUSION: Both panoramic and occlusal radiographic techniques displayed satisfactory diagnostic performance and should be considered before using a CT scan to detect submandibular sialoliths.

Clinicopathological factors increased the risk of malignancy in thyroid nodules with atypical or follicular lesions of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS) risk factor of malignancy in thyroid nodule with AUS/FLUS

PURPOSE: Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (US-FNA) in thyroid nodules is presently most commonly used to identify whether these nodules are benign or malignant. However, atypical or follicular lesions of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS), as categorized in the Bethesda System for reporting the results of FNA, cannot be classified as benign or malignant. Therefore, several clinical factors should be considered to assess the risk of malignancy in patients with AUS/FLUS. The purpose of the present study was to determine which clinical factor increased the risk of malignancy in patients with AUS/FLUS. METHODS: A retrospective study was done on 129 patients with fine needle aspiration categorized as AUS/FLUS from January 2011 through April 2015. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess the independent effect of risk factors such as age, sex, size of nodule, atypical descriptors, and ultrasonography criteria for malignancy. RESULTS: We identified that the presence of spiculated margin (odds ratio [OR], 5.655; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.114-15.131; P = 0.001), nuclear grooving (OR, 3.697; 95% CI, 1.409-9.701; P = 0.008), irregular nuclei (OR, 3.903; 95% CI, 1.442-10.560; P = 0.001) were shown to be significantly related to malignancy on univariate and multivariate analyses. CONCLUSION: We recommend that surgical resection of thyroid nodules be considered in patients with AUS/FLUS showing the histologic findings such as nuclear grooving, irregular nuclei along with spiculated margin of ultrasonographic finding.

Major Trauma induced Left Ventricular Thrombus after Acute Myocardial Infarction

Left Ventricular Thrombus (LVT) formation after acute myocardial infarction is a serious complication. And the most feared complication of LVT is the systemic thromboembolic events, especially to the brain. Nowadays patients with acute myocardial infarction are treated with primary PCI and more aggressive anticoagulation therapies, resulting in the lower incidence of LVT. Early detection of LVT is very important, and echocardiography is the definitive test for detecting intracardiac thrombus. However, the need for serial echocardiography remains controversial. In this case report, we describe a 55-year-old man with major trauma induced LVT after acute myocardial infarction who underwent successful therapy.

4-(Tert-butyl)-2,6-bis(1-phenylethyl)phenol induces pro-apoptotic activity

Previously, we found that KTH-13 isolated from the butanol fraction of Cordyceps bassiana (Cb-BF) displayed anti-cancer activity. To improve its antiproliferative activity and production yield, we employed a total synthetic approach and derivatized KTH-13 to obtain chemical analogs. In this study, one KTH-13 derivative, 4-(tert-butyl)-2,6-bis(1-phenylethyl)phenol (KTH-13-t-Bu), was selected to test its anti-cancer activity. KTH-13-t-Bu diminished the proliferation of C6 glioma, MDA-MB-231, LoVo, and HCT-15 cells. KTH-13-t-Bu induced morphological changes in C6 glioma cells in a dose-dependent manner. KTH-13-t-Bu also increased the level of early apoptotic cells stained with annexin V-FITC. Furthermore, KTH-13-t-Bu increased the levels of cleaved caspase-3 and -9. In contrast, KTH-13-t-Bu upregulated the levels of pro- and cleaved forms of caspase-3, -8, and -9 and Bcl-2. Phospho-STAT3, phospho-Src, and phospho-AKT levels were also diminished by KTH13-t-Bu treatment. Therefore, these results strongly suggest that KTH-13-t-Bu can be considered a novel anti-cancer drug displaying pro-apoptotic activity.

A Case of Gastric Mucormycosis Induced Necrotic Gastric Ulcer in Patients with Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Mucormycosis is a rare invasive disease with high mortality rates caused by fungi of the zygomycetes class and Mucorales order. Mucormycosis is manifested by a variety of clinical presentations according to the involved site and occurs in immunocompromised conditions such as diabetes mellitus and other conditions. Rhino-orbital-cerebral and pulmonary infection is known as commonly involved areas. Primary gastrointestinal mucormycosis is a very rare and life-threatening invasive fungal infection. Gastrointestinal mucormycosis may occur in any alimentary tract, with the stomach being most involved part. The early diagnosis and appropriate treatment including surgical debridement of involved tissues and antifungal agents is needed to improve survival rates. We report a case of gastric mucormycosis successfully treated with radical debridement and antifungal agents in a 45-year-old man with diabetic ketoacidosis.

Fisetin Suppresses Macrophage-Mediated Inflammatory Responses by Blockade of Src and Syk

Flavonoids, such as fisetin (3,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxyflavone), are plant secondary metabolites. It has been reported that fisetin is able to perform numerous pharmacological roles including anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and anti-cancer activities; however, the exact anti-inflammatory mechanism of fisetin is not understood. In this study, the pharmacological action modes of fisetin in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophage-like cells were elucidated by using immunoblotting analysis, kinase assays, and an overexpression strategy. Fisetin diminished the release of nitric oxide (NO) and reduced the mRNA levels of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells without displaying cytotoxicity. This compound also blocked the nuclear translocation of p65/nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB. In agreement, the upstream phosphorylation events for NF-kappaB activation, composed of Src, Syk, and IkappaBalpha, were also reduced by fisetin. The phospho-Src level, triggered by overexpression of wild-type Src, was also inhibited by fisetin. Therefore, these results strongly suggest that fisetin can be considered a bioactive immunomodulatory compound with anti-inflammatory properties through suppression of Src and Syk activities.

Spontaneous Splenic Rupture in a Vivax Malaria Case Treated with Transcatheter Coil Embolization of the Splenic Artery

An enlarged spleen is considered one of the most common signs of malaria, and splenic rupture rarely occurs as an important life-threatening complication. Splenectomy has been recommended as the treatment of choice for hemodynamically unstable patients. However, a very limited number of splenic rupture patients have been treated with transcatheter coil embolization. Here we report a 38-year-old Korean vivax malaria patient with ruptured spleen who was treated successfully by embolization of the splenic artery. The present study showed that angiographic embolization of the splenic artery may be an appropriate option to avoid perioperative harmful effects of splenectomy in malaria patients.

Immunotoxicological Effects of Aripiprazole: In vivo and In vitro Studies

Aripiprazole (ARI) is a commonly prescribed medication used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. To date, there have been no studies regarding the molecular pathological and immunotoxicological profiling of aripiprazole. Thus, in the present study, we prepared two different formulas of aripiprazole [Free base crystal of aripiprazole (ARPGCB) and cocrystal of aripiprazole (GCB3004)], and explored their effects on the patterns of survival and apoptosis-regulatory proteins under acute toxicity and cytotoxicity test conditions. Furthermore, we also evaluated the modulatory activity of the different formulations on the immunological responses in macrophages primed by various stimulators such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), pam3CSK, and poly(I:C) via toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), TLR2, and TLR3 pathways, respectively. In liver, both ARPGCB and GCB3004 produced similar toxicity profiles. In particular, these two formulas exhibited similar phospho-protein profiling of p65/nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, c-Jun/activator protein (AP)-1, ERK, JNK, p38, caspase 3, and bcl-2 in brain. In contrast, the patterns of these phospho-proteins were variable in other tissues. Moreover, these two formulas did not exhibit any cytotoxicity in C6 glioma cells. Finally, the two formulations at available in vivo concentrations did not block nitric oxide (NO) production from activated macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells stimulated with LPS, pam3CSK, or poly(I:C), nor did they alter the morphological changes of the activated macrophages. Taken together, our present work, as a comparative study of two different formulas of aripiprazole, suggests that these two formulas can be used to achieve similar functional activation of brain proteins related to cell survival and apoptosis and immunotoxicological activities of macrophages.