ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Benefits of healthy people participating in physical activity are valued by governments, organizations and individuals, but the benefits of spinal cord injury (SCI) to physical activity are neglected. With the increase in the incidence of SCI, participating in physical activity to keep fit is recommended for SCI patients. OBJECTIVE: To review the relevant literatures on physical activity and health promotion of SCI at home and abroad, and systematically summarize the benefits of physical activity to SCI, so as to provide reference for participating in physical activity. METHODS: The first author recruited the Web of Science and the PubMed databases with the keywords of "spinal cord injury, physical activity, sport, exercise, health, fitness" in English and Chinese, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Physical activity has a positive effect on cardiovascular health, functional independence, quality of life, muscle strength, psychological and social adaptation in SCI patients, and the impact on bone density needs a further investigate. Physical activity holds a positive effect on the health of SCI patients, and it is hoped that SCI patients will actively carry out physical activity to improve or maintain health status. SCI patients exhibit individual differences, so in the use of physical activity to promote health, it is necessary to make individualized sports program to obtain satisfactory effectiveness.
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to explore the differences in interhemispheric functional connectivity in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) based on a triple network model consisting of the default mode network (DMN), salience network (SN), and executive control network (ECN). The technique of voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC) analysis was applied to explore the aberrant connectivity of all patients. The results showed that: (1) the statistically significant connections of interhemispheric brain regions included DMN-related brain regions (i.e. precuneus, calcarine, fusiform, cuneus, lingual gyrus, temporal inferior gyrus, and hippocampus), SN-related brain regions (i.e. frontoinsular cortex), and ECN-related brain regions (i.e. frontal middle gyrus and frontal inferior); (2) the precuneus and frontal middle gyrus in the AD group exhibited lower VMHC values than those in the aMCI and healthy control (HC) groups, but no significant difference was observed between the aMCI and HC groups; and (3) significant correlations were found between peak VMHC results from the precuneus and Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Scale (MOCA) scores and their factor scores in the AD, aMCI, and AD plus aMCI groups, and between the results from the frontal middle gyrus and MOCA factor scores in the aMCI group. These findings indicated that impaired interhemispheric functional connectivity was observed in AD and could be a sensitive neuroimaging biomarker for AD. More specifically, the DMN was inhibited, while the SN and ECN were excited. VMHC results were correlated with MMSE and MOCA scores, highlighting that VMHC could be a sensitive neuroimaging biomarker for AD and the progression from aMCI to AD.
Subject(s)
Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Alzheimer Disease/physiopathology , Brain/diagnostic imaging , Brain Mapping , Cognitive Dysfunction/physiopathology , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Memory , Models, Neurological , Nerve NetABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the contribution of executive function to abnormal recognition of facial expressions of emotion in schizophrenia patients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Abnormal recognition of facial expressions of emotion was assayed according to Japanese and Caucasian facial expressions of emotion (JACFEE), Wisconsin card sorting test (WCST), positive and negative symptom scale, and Hamilton anxiety and depression scale, respectively, in 88 paranoid schizophrenia patients and 75 healthy volunteers.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Patients scored higher on the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale and the Hamilton Anxiety and Depression Scales, displayed lower JACFEE recognition accuracies and poorer WCST performances. The JACFEE recognition accuracy of contempt and disgust was negatively correlated with the negative symptom scale score while the recognition accuracy of fear was positively with the positive symptom scale score and the recognition accuracy of surprise was negatively with the general psychopathology score in patients. Moreover, the WCST could predict the JACFEE recognition accuracy of contempt, disgust, and sadness in patients, and the perseverative errors negatively predicted the recognition accuracy of sadness in healthy volunteers. The JACFEE recognition accuracy of sadness could predict the WCST categories in paranoid schizophrenia patients.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Recognition accuracy of social-/moral emotions, such as contempt, disgust and sadness is related to the executive function in paranoid schizophrenia patients, especially when regarding sadness.</p>