Impact of Sexual Attitude and Marital Intimacy on Sexual Satisfaction in Pregnant Couples: An Application of the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate actor and partner effects of sexual attitude and marital intimacy on sexual satisfaction in pregnant couples. METHODS: Data were collected from 176 pairs of the pregnant couples visiting for prenatal care at hospitals from June 18 to September 24, 2016. The collected data were analyzed by paired t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficients using SPSS 18.0 and interdependent effect (Actor-Partner Interdependence Model analysis) through AMOS 18.0. RESULTS: The sexual attitude and marital intimacy of the pregnant woman did not have a partner effect on the sexual satisfaction of her husband, respectively (β=.12, p=.141), (β=.01, p=.938). The sexual attitude of the husband had a partner effect on the sexual satisfaction of the pregnant woman (β=.13, p=.021), but the marital intimacy of the husband did not show a partner effect (β=.07, p=.202). CONCLUSION: Study suggests that the sexual attitude and marital intimacy of pregnant couples should be considered as factors when developing an intervention to improve sexual satisfaction in couples. Moreover, pregnant couples should participate in intervention together because the sexual satisfaction has conceptual view of interdependence in two-person relationships.

Development of the Transition Shock Scale for Newly Graduated Nurses

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop a scale to assess the transition shock experienced by newly graduated nurses, and test the validity and reliability of the scale. METHODS: The initial items were identified through a review of literature and in-depth interviews with nine newly graduated nurses. Content validation of the items was evaluated by five nurse professors and three nurses. Participants were 269 newly graduated nurses who worked at six acute care hospitals in Busan, Ulsan, and Yangsan, South Korea. Data were analyzed using item analysis, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, criterion related validity, and internal consistency. RESULTS: The final scale consisted of 18 items and six factors (conflict between theory and practice, overwhelming workload, loss of social support, shrinking relationship with co-workers, confusion in professional nursing values, and incongruity in work and personal life), which explained 71.3% of the total variance. The six subscale model was validated by confirmatory factor analysis. Cronbach's alpha for the total items was. 89. Convergent validity was evaluated by analyzing total correlation with burnout (r=.71, p<.001) and turnover intention (t=5.84, p<.001). CONCLUSION: This scale can be used in the development of nursing interventions to reduce the transition shock experienced by newly graduated nurses.

Effects of Irrational Parenthood Cognition, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and Spousal Support on Quality of Life of Infertile Women

PURPOSE: This study examined degrees of irrational parenthood cognition, post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), spousal support, and quality of life and investigated factors that influence the quality of life of infertile women. METHODS: Research design was a cross sectional correlational survey with a total of 113 female patients receiving treatment for infertility. Data were collected from August 1 to November 30, 2015. The collected data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, and multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: The mean score of the quality of life was 59.0±14.8. The quality of life was significantly associated with irrational parenthood cognition (r=-.70), post traumatic stress disorder (r=-.65), and spousal support (r=.56). The factors significantly affecting the quality of life in infertile women were irrational parenthood cognition (β=-.45), post traumatic stress disorder (β=-.34), and spousal support (β=.32). The explained variance by these factors was 70.4%, and the regression model was valid (F=89.81, p<.001). CONCLUSION: This study may contribute to the development of nursing intervention program to improve the quality of life of infertile women.

Influencing Factors of Sleep Disturbance in Pregnant Women

PURPOSE: This study was to identify the incidence of sleep disturbance and factors influencing their sleep disturbance in pregnant women. METHODS: Data were collected from 131 pregnant women among outpatients who visited two obstetric clinics, one public health center, and P national university hospital to receive prenatal care from July until to September, 2015. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, χ²-test, and logistic multiple regression with PASW/WIN 22.0. RESULTS: The mean score was 7.97 out of 21 points for sleep disturbance, 42.89 out of 96 points for pregnancy related discomforts, 7.02 out of 30 points for prenatal depression, and 68.65 out of 165 points for childbirth fear. Prevalence of poor sleeper group with more higher 5 out of 21 sleep disturbance points was 72.5%. Factors influencing sleep disturbance were pregnancy related discomforts (OR=1.11; 95% CI: 1.04~1.19), and prenatal depression (OR=1.17; 95% CI: 1.02~1.35). CONCLUSION: This study shows that pregnancy related discomforts and prenatal depression affect sleep disturbance in pregnant women. Therefore, to improve sleep disturbance during pregnancy, we need to pay attention to relieving discomforts as well as prenatal depression.

Structural Relationships between Infancy Mothers' Relational Variables and Parenting Stress

PURPOSE: This study examined structural relationships between parenting stress and mothers' relational variables such as marital satisfaction, marital conflict, husbands' parental involvement, and maternal identity. METHODS: A nine-pathway hypothetical model was developed based on literature reviews. Two exogenous variables (marital satisfaction and marital conflict) and three endogenous variables (husbands' parental involvement, maternal identity, and mothers' parenting stress) were included in this model. Participants were 170 mothers of 5~7 month old children who visited the Public Health Center to be vaccinated between January 19 and March 27, 2015. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlations, and structural equation modeling with PASW/WIN 22.0 and AMOS 22.0. RESULTS: The model fit indices for the modified model were suitable for the recommended level. Among mothers' relational variables, maternal identity, marital conflict, and husbands' parental involvement directly influenced mothers' parenting stress. Marital satisfaction did not have a direct and indirect influence on mothers' parenting stress, however, it directly affected maternal identity and husbands' parental involvement. These predictive variables of mothers' parenting stress explained 56.0% of the model. CONCLUSION: This study expanded the understanding of mothers' parenting stress and can be used to develop effective interventions to decrease stress.

Risk Factors for Deliberate Self-extubation

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to analyze intubation survival rates according to characteristics and to identify the risk factors affecting deliberate self-extubation. METHODS: Data were collected from patients' electronic medical reports from one hospital in B city. Participants were 450 patients with endotracheal intubation being treated in intensive care units. The collected data were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier estimation, Log rank test, and Cox's proportional hazards model. RESULTS: Over 15 months thirty-two (7.1%) of the 450 intubation patients intentionally extubated themselves. The patients who had experienced high level of consciousness, agitation. use of sedative, application of restraints, and day and night shift had significantly lower intubation survival rates. Risk factors for deliberate self-extubation were age (60 years and over), unit (neurological intensive care), level of consciousness (higher), agitation, application of restraints, shift (night), and nurse-to-patient ratio (one nurse caring for two or more patients). CONCLUSION: Appropriate use of sedative drugs, effective treatment to reduce agitation, sufficient nurse-to-patient ratio, and no restraints for patients should be the focus to diminish the number of deliberate self-extubations.

Factors Influencing Desired Postnatal Weight Loss in Women after Birth

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify factors influencing desired postnatal weight loss in women after birth. METHODS: With correlational survey design, 191women of the study participants completed questionnaires on their desired postnatal weight loss and related factors, and body and health concerns during their hospitalization after birth. Data were collected from February to May, 2011. Data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple linear regression. RESULTS: The women's gestational weight gain, pre-pregnant BMI, body concerns, expected time to reach the desired weight after birth and health concerns were identified as factors influencing desired postnatal weight loss in women after birth. The model explained 68% of the variance. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that nurses in women's health care should consider women's gestational weight, pre-pregnant BMI and their body concerns, health concerns and expected time to reach the desired weight after birth when developing weight management program for women after birth.

Influence of Childbirth Experience and Postpartum Depression on Quality of Life in Women after Birth

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify influence of childbirth experience and postpartum depression on quality of life in women after birth. METHODS: Two hundred and eleven postpartum women were asked to complete the questionnaires on their childbirth experience during their admission and on their postpartum depression and quality of life between one to three weeks after birth. Initial data were collected from February 1 to May 30, 2011 at two obstetric hospitals in Busan, Korea. Data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients, and hierarchical multiple regression. RESULTS: The women's childbirth experience and postpartum depression were identified as factors influencing quality of life after birth. The model explained 50% of the variables. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that childbirth educators should include strategies to increase a positive childbirth experience and to decrease postpartum depression in their education programs in order to improve women's quality of life.

Factors associated with Health-related Quality of Life among Family Caregivers of Elders Receiving Home Care Services

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the factors associated with the health-related quality of life of family caregivers. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted. This study included 191 primary family caregivers of elders who used home care services (home-visit nursing, home-visit care, daycare) covered by the public long-term care insurance. Data were collected using self-report questionnaires from December 2010 to June 2011. These data were analyzed by using hierarchical multiple regression. RESULTS: The majority of the family caregivers were female (79.6%) and daughters-in-law (28.8%). The mean depression score was 6.33+/-6.49 and the mean health-related quality of life score was 0.69+/-0.39. It was found that the factors affecting the health-related quality of life of family caregivers included depression (beta=-.406, p<.001), home-visit nursing use (beta=.296, p<.001), and daycare use (beta=.178, p=.015), which accounted for 36.6% of their health-related quality of life. CONCLUSION: Using home-visit nursing and daycare services has a positive effect on the health-related quality of life of family caregivers. To improve health-related quality of life of family caregivers, South Korea needs to fully activate the home-visit nursing and daycare services, and to strengthen family support programs.

Effects of Self-breast Pumping in Primiparous Women after Cesarean Delivery

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify the effects of self-breast pumping on breastfeeding rates and, the degree of breast milk fullness among primiparous women giving birth by cesarean section. METHODS: The study design was a non-synchronized posttest control group experiment with repeated measures. The participants were 60 women, 31 in the experimental group who used a manual pump 5 times a day after exclusive breastfeeding and 29 in the control group who breastfed exclusively with no other interventions. RESULTS: While self-breast pumping did not improve breastfeeding rates or the degree of breast milk fullness at any of the time points studied, breastfeeding rates continued to remain high till 12 weeks postpartum in both groups. Conclusion: Although some modifications in research methods will be required to identify the effects of breast pumping and exclusive breastfeeding, both these approaches can be used as interventions to improve breastfeeding rates and breast milk quantity.

Postpartum Depressive Score and Related Factors Pre- and Post-delivery / 여성건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study aimed to identify the scores of postpartum depression(PPD) on the first day, 1st week, and 6th week after the delivery and to explore their related factors before and after delivery in postpartum women. METHODS: With a survey design, 293 postpartum women were recruited from a postpartum unit, Ilsin Christian hospital in Pusan via convenience sampling and were followed at 1st week and 6th week in the outpatient clinic. RESULTS: Results showed that the scores of PPD(EPDS score) were low at postpartum 1st day, 1st week and 6th week but prevalence of PPD(EPDS > or =13) was 3.1% at 1st day, 8.2% at 1st week and 7.5% at 6th week, respectively. The pre-delivery factors were experience of depression, and the post-delivery factors were baby's sex(1st day), no caregiver for baby(1st week), and no help and concern for taking care of baby from husband and family(1st day and 6th week). The greater satisfaction with becoming a mother and her life, and greater maternal attachment were related to lower level of PPD at the three time points. CONCLUSION: Regular screening for postpartum depression and supportive and informative education is needed for postpartum women visiting the outpatient clinic for follow-up.

Childbirth Experience of Participants in Lamaze Childbirth Education / 여성건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was intended to explore the essential structure and the meanings of childbirth experiences among Korean women participated in Lamaze childbirth education. METHODS: Giorgi's phenomenological method was used to analyze data collected by in-depth interviews with six primiparous women from March to July 2009. RESULTS: Five components identified in the meanings of experience: 'Simplicity', 'Self-control', 'Uncontrollable pain', 'Spiritual maturity', 'Physiologic event'. CONCLUSION: The study results revealed that the childbirth experience was positive generally, partially influenced by Lamaze childbirth education. But, meanings of childbirth experience with Lamaze childbirth education were mostly physiological respect related to labor pain or one's own efforts to endure labor pain. Therefore, nursing strategies for drawing emotional and socio-environmental experiences from childbirth experience with Lamaze childbirth education is needed.

Childbirth Experience of Participants in Lamaze Childbirth Education / 여성건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was intended to explore the essential structure and the meanings of childbirth experiences among Korean women participated in Lamaze childbirth education. METHODS: Giorgi's phenomenological method was used to analyze data collected by in-depth interviews with six primiparous women from March to July 2009. RESULTS: Five components identified in the meanings of experience: 'Simplicity', 'Self-control', 'Uncontrollable pain', 'Spiritual maturity', 'Physiologic event'. CONCLUSION: The study results revealed that the childbirth experience was positive generally, partially influenced by Lamaze childbirth education. But, meanings of childbirth experience with Lamaze childbirth education were mostly physiological respect related to labor pain or one's own efforts to endure labor pain. Therefore, nursing strategies for drawing emotional and socio-environmental experiences from childbirth experience with Lamaze childbirth education is needed.

Maternal Psychosocial Factors Affecting Breast Feeding Practice / 여성건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study aimed to elucidate the prevalence of breast feeding and maternal psychosocial predictors affecting the breast feeding practice at six months postpartum. METHOD: One hundred and sixty one mothers at six months postpartum were conveniently recruited in two public health center in Jeju-city. Subjects completed a well-structured questionnaire regarding the feeding types of the child, maternal self-esteem, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), husband support, and marital adjustment scale. The data was analyzed using the chi-square-test, t-test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and logistic regression. RESULT: The prevalence of breast feeding at six months postpartum was 29.9%. Predictors of breast feeding practice identified by the logistic regression analysis include first feeding type after delivery, marital adjustment, readiness for maternal role and work state. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of breast feeding practice was lower than WHO desired at six months postpartum. Therefore, the findings support the need for breast feeding education including interventions focused on improving readiness for maternal role and marital adjustment.

Postpartum Depression and its Predictors at Six Months Postpartum / 여성건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was to investigate the degree of postpartum depression and its predictors at six months postpartum. METHODS: The subjects were 161 women six months after delivery who were registered with the public health center. The instruments included a survey of various characteristics, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale(EPDS), husband support, maternal self-esteem, and marital adjustment scale. The data was analyzed using the chi-square-test, t-test, the Pearson correlation coefficients, and the logistic regression. RESULTS: The point prevalence of postpartum depression at six months postpartum was 14.3%, corresponding to a score of 12 or higher on the EPDS. Postpartum depression was significantly associated with husband support, maternal self-esteem, and marital adjustment. Predictors of postpartum depression identified by the logistic regression analysis include marital adjustment (OR .29 [95% CI .13-.61]) and the delivery method(OR 3.57 [95% CI 1.25-10.23]). CONCLUSION: Strategies for improving postpartum depression, considerations of husband support and maternal self-esteem are important in research and practice. In addition, interventions for reducing Cesarean delivery and improving marital adjustment are needed.

Influencing Factors in Breast Feeding Duration / 여성건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: The objectives of this study were to investigate the current breast feeding rates in Jeju Province and to identify factors which influence breast feeding duration after birth. METHOD: The subjects were 189 women with a child between 12 months and 24 months old. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire from October 2003 to January 2004. Measures used in this study included general characteristics, delivery related characteristics, breast feeding related characteristics and the feeding type over a 12-month period after birth. RESULT: The study showed that the breast feeding rate in the first month was 63.1%, later dropping to 30.9% in the sixth month. In addition, only 14.2% of subjects were still breast feeding the baby at twelve months of age. The mean of breast feeding duration was 4.77 months. The factors which influenced breast feeding duration were wanted pregnancy, breast feeding education, planning of breast feeding and breast feeding experience. CONCLUSION: Considering the low rate of long-term breast feeding, the importance of breast feeding should be emphasized to promote and support the continuation of breast feeding in addition to at its initial stage. Based on the results, programs on breast feeding promotion and continuation need to be developed.

Correlational Study on Management of Menopause, Marital Satisfaction, and Quality of Life in Middle-aged Women / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was to examine the correlations among management of menopause, marital satisfaction, and quality of life in middle-aged women. METHOD: The sample was 158 middle-aged women who were 40-64 years. Data were collected from June 14 to July 10, 2003 using questionnaires and were analyzed by using the SPSS 10.0 PC+ program. RESULT: The level of marital satisfaction was related positively to the level of quality of life(r=.504, p<.01) and management of menopause(r=.315, p<.01). In addition, there were significant correlations between the level of quality of life and management of menopause(r=.251, p<.01). In stepwise multiple regression analysis, 25.9% of the variance in quality of life was explained by marital satisfaction. CONCLUSION: Marital satisfaction and management of menopause serve to improve the quality of life of middle-aged women. It is necessary to develop an effective intervention program to improve marital satisfaction and management of menopause.

Influencing Factors on Quality of Life in Pre- and Postmenopausal Women / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was to investigate the factors influencing quality of life and difference of quality of life in a postmenopausal group compared to premenopausal women. METHOD: The subjects consisted of 213 women from 40 to 64 years old. The data were collected from June 1, 2003 to June 31, 2004 using structured questionnaires which included questions relating to demographic and obstetric background and 4 scales(climacteric symptoms scale, marital satisfaction scale, sex-role attitude scale, quality of life scale). RESULT: Comparing pre- and postmenopausal women, significant statistical differences were demonstrated in climacteric symptoms and sex-role attitude. However, quality of life was not different between pre- and postmenopausal women. In premenopausal women, marital satisfaction(32.7%) and educational level(8.0%) were significant predictors to explain quality of life. Marital satisfaction(12.9%) was significant predictor to explain quality of life in postmenopausal women. CONCLUSION: No difference of quality in life between pre- and postmenopausal women provides information for changing traditional approaches of menopause according to physiological changes as illness. In addition the study showed that it is necessary to use marital satisfaction information when developing nursing interventions to promote the quality of life.

Effects of a Short-term Home-based Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program in Patients with Chronic Lung Disease / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to exam the effects of a short-term pulmonary program on lung function, exercise tolerance, and quality of life in chronic lung patients. METHOD: Randomized controlled pre-post test design was used. The outcome measures were forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1, % predicted), 6 min walking distance (6MWD), Borg score after 6MWD, and Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire (CRDQ). Experimental group performed the 4-week home-based pulmonary rehabilitation program composed of inspiratory muscle training, upper and lower extremity exercise, relaxation, and telephone visit. Patients in control group were only given education about self-management strategies. Thirty four patients with moderate-to-severe respiratory impairment were recruited, and 28 patients (19 in experiments, 15 in control) completed the study. RESULT: Significant improvements in lung function, exercise tolerance, and health related quality of life were found only in the experiment group. CONCLUSION: This study yielded evidence for the potential and beneficial effects of home-based pulmonary rehabilitation program in patients with moderate to severe chronic lung disease. The program could be adequately utilized for improvement of health related quality of life in chronic lung patients.

An Attitudinal Study on Women / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was formed to propose a theoretical background for improving the quality of women's lives by measuring the subjectivity on women. METHOD: Q-methodology is used for purpose. Q-statements are collected through in-depth interviews and a literature review. 34 Q-statements were selected. There are 33 subjects in the research. The Q-Factor Analysis using PC Quanl program was performed to analyze the data. RESULT: There were three types of opinions on woman. The first type(equal-recognitive) thinks that men and women are equal, women can handle men, and women are independent, valuable beings. The second type(equal-fixed idea) express that women are not behind men in terms of abilities but are supposed to live for the sake of their husbands and children. The third type(equal-practical) answer that men and women are equal, but women have their own personalities and can participate in social activities and can financially help the families. CONCLUSION: The study express the overall opinions and attitudes on woman as reviewed by the research subjects. Therefore, this study helps the seizure of an opportunity to build a theoretical base for improving the quality of women's lives.