Intakes of Iron and Folate and Hematologic Indices According to the Type of Supplements in Pregnant Women

Adequate amounts of nutrients during pregnancy are essential for maternal, fetal and child health. This study was conducted to investigate the intakes of iron and folate and the effect of supplements on anemia status during pregnancy. One hundred sixty five pregnant women completed questionnaires which included food frequencies and supplement use, and blood tests for hematologic indices. Pregnant women were divided into four groups based on the type of supplements; single nutrient group (S), multivitamins & minerals group (M), Single nutrient + multivitamins & minerals group (S+M), and no supplement group (N). Mean iron intake was 11.1 mg from food (46.3% of Recommended Nutrient Intakes, RNIs) and 66.8 mg from supplements. Mean folate intake was 231.2 microg from food (38.5% of RNI) and 822.7 microg from supplements. In the N group, the subjects who consumed iron and folate less than EAR were 85.7% and 95.2%, respectively. The subjects consumed iron more than UL were 81.0% in the S group, 88.9% in the M group, and 97.4% in the S+M group, and the subjects consumed folate more than UL were 4.8% in the S group, 1.6% in the M group, and 25.6% in the S+M group. The mean values of hemoglobin and hemotocrit in the M group were significantly higher than those in the N group. Despite the relatively high socio-economic status of the participants, overall intakes of iron and folate from food were far below the RNIs, suggesting that a supplement is needed for adequate nutritional status during pregnancy. A multivitamin supplement seems to be more effective than a single nutrient supplement such as iron or folic acid in the prevention of anemia. Further research is required to define the appropriate amount of supplemental iron and folic acid for Korean pregnant women.

Diastasis of the Symphysis Pubis after Delivery / 대한정형외과학회잡지

PURPOSE: The objectives of this study are to observe the clinical characteristics, outcome of treatment and incidence of diastasis of the symphysis pubis after delivery and to evaluate the risk factors of the lesion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-six patients diagnosed with diastasis of the symphysis pubis were reviewed. The diagnostic criteria of diastasis were; 1) positive signs and symptoms of pelvic instability, 2) radiological evidence of widening of the symphysis pubis by more than 6 mm and/or vertical mobility of more than 3 mm, or widening of the sacroiliac joint by more than 4 mm. Several factors that increase the risk of this lesion during delivery were reviewed and analyzed using the chi-square test, t-test, and by logistic regression. RESULTS: Seventy-six diastasis of the symphysis pubis were diagnosed in 24,089 deliveries during the study period. Joint widening ranged from 3 mm to 34 mm. Twenty-three cases had accompanying vertical mobility. Pain in the pelvic joint and walking difficulty were most common clinical characteristics. History of pelvic girdle relaxation during pregnancy was found to increase the risk of the lesion (P=0.0028). CONCLUSION: We found that a history of pelvic girdle relaxation during pregnancy was a risk factor of diastasis of the symphysis pubis after delivery. Early detection and satisfying results by optimal treatment are associated with recognizing the lesion's characteristic clinical findings.

Radiographic Appearance of the Symphysis Pubis: Criteria of Diastasis of Symphysis Pubis after Normal Delivery / 대한정형외과학회잡지

PURPOSE: This study was performed to evaluate the width of symphysis pubis and its radiographic appearance in different age and sex, and it was aimed to establish a radiographic diagnosis criteria for diastasis of the joint. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The width and the appearance of symphysis pubis were observed by pelvic X-ray in 92 males and 169 females who had no history of any joint disease. The mean width of symphysis pubis was calculated and data were analyzed by age, sex and parity using student t-test. RESULTS: The mean width of symphysis pubis was 2.88+/-0.71 mm in male group and was 3.24+/-0.68 mm in female group. It was 3.34+/-0.84 mm in parturient and 2.82+/-0.55 mm in nullipara and the difference between these two groups was significant (P<0.05). Osteoarthritic changes were noted in most cases over 60 irrespective of sex. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results from this study and reported value of physiological relaxation of symphysis pubis through pregnancy and labor, a separation over 6 mm and/or a vertical migration over 3mm can be diagnosed as diastasis of symphysis pubis. This criteria would facilitate the earlier diagnosis of relaxation and separation of this joint by labor or trauma.

The Clinical Experience and Diagnostic Value of Colonoscope / 대한소화기내시경학회지

The authers performed long coloaofiherscopy with barium enema study on 134 cases, of coloreatal diseasea, who had been admitted to the department of Internal Medicine, Kwangiu Christian Hospital from July 1984 to Aupist 1986, The results were following: 1) Among 134 cases of colonoacopy, abnormal findings were 70 cases (52.2%) and normal findings 64 cases (47.8%). 2) among 70 cases of colonoscopic abnormal findings, nonspecific inflammatory colitis were 27 cases, colon tuberculosis 15 cases, colon and rectal cancer 14 cases, colon polyps 8 cases, ulcerative colitis 3 cases, internal hemorrhoid 2 cases, sigmoid diverticular 1 case. 3) The cases in which the findings of barium contrast enema were compatible with those of colonoscopy were 84 cases (62.7%), not compatible 50 cases(37.3%). There were not compatible with findings in 4 cases of colon cancer (10 cases), 7 cases of colon tuberculosis (15 cases), 4 cases of colon polyps (8 cases), 1 case of ulcerative colitis (3 cases). 4) The insertion ratio to ileocecal valve was 79.1%. The rate of correct approach by a colonoscopy to the lesion site shown at barium contrast enema was 94.1%

Upper GI Bleeding Diagnosed by Emergency Endoscopy / 대한소화기내시경학회지

Emergency endoacopy was performed in 315 patients for recent four years The source of upper GI bleeding in these 315 caaes were as follows: Esophageal varix(93), gastric ca(39), Mallory-weiss syndrome(14), gastric ca(38), Duodenal ulces(21), Erosive gastritis(14), Marginal ulcer(2), Combined case(24) Unknown cases(10), Essentiall Tx was not performed in 4 died case because of poor general conditions, After check up BP, Heart, Pluae rate, that examination was performed during drip infusion to be 'safety of cireulatary system. No compication were encountered. To confirm the source of bleeding at earlier stage, was useful to decid which way, that is conservative of surgical therapy in which better for the Management. The results are as follows: 1) The sex incidence of upper GI bleeding showed Male predominance c a ratio 4. 6: 1 and peak age groups were 4th & 5th decade. 2) Endoscopic diagnosis of npper GI bleeding in the studied case were in the order of Esophageal varix bleeding(29%), Gastric ulcer (23. 5%), Mallory weiss syndrome(12. 4%) Duodenal ulcer(6.7%) Erosive gastritis(4.4%) We could not find the bleedi site in 3.2% of the studied case. 3) The cause of emergeney endoseopy are Melena(19%), Hemstenesis(22.0%) and ccenbined (58. 4%) 4) Among the 315 cases of upper GI bleeding, 70. 1% of the cases revealed moderste degree of bleeding. 5) Among the 315 cases of apper BI bleeding, 28. 1% of the cases were confirmed of inducing factor. 6) Among the 315 cases of upper BI bleeding, 69% of the cases received an endcrscopic examination within 72 hr after initial episode of bleeding. (continue...)