ABSTRACT
Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide.Screening for glaucoma is a critical intervention to identify individuals at an earlier stage of the disease.However,there is controversy about the necessity of glaucoma screening.Screening is a critical intervention for primary prevention of disease.The screening which suited to the level of our economic development has important benefits for our country,society,families and individuals.Glaucoma has fulfils the criteria of WHO for population screening:(1) Glaucoma is a major public health problem in the world.(2) Glaucoma can be detected in its earlier stage.(3) There are suitable and acceptable examinations for glaucoma screening.(4) Early detection and subsequent treatment could delay or retard glaucoma disease progression.(5) With appropriate strategy design,glaucoma screening can creat good economic benefit.The screening strategies depend on the level of social economy development,the health policies of developed areas tend to prevent disease in its early stages.In poor areas,the limited medical resources are used to treat patients in the advanced stages.In the relatively developed area with complete health care facilities and incomplete referral mechanisms,screening for glaucoma is a critical intervention to identify individuals at an earlier stage of the disease.Glaucoma Screening project in Wenzhou suggested that screening should be implement in relatively developed regions of high density of population to improve efficiency;screening should aim for multiple eye diseases to lower the cost per unit benefit.
ABSTRACT
Objective Study the endobronchial ultrasound features of mediastinal tubercular lymphadenopathy and sarcoidosis to probe a new method for the differential diagnosis. Methods The endobronchial ultrasound features of 74 lymph nodes in 16 mediastinal tubercular lymphadenopathy and 30 sarcoidosis patients diagnosed in our department were studied retrospectively, and the sizes, borders, fusion and echo features of mediastinal tubercular lymphadenopathy were compared to sarcoidosis. Results Both of the long size and the short size of mediastinal tubercular lymphadenopathy were smaller than sarcoidosis [(15.77 ± 4.10) vs (19.76 ± 5.83), t = 3.28, P = 0.021;(12.67 ± 4.09) vs (16.81 ± 5.54), t = 3.56, P = 0.001]. And the following features were statistically significant of tubercular lymphadenopathy as compared to sarcodosis: indistinct borders, fusion of lymph nodes, hyperechoic echotexture and patchy anechoic/hypoechoic areas [50.0% (11/22) vs 17.3% (9/52), χ2 = 8.38, P = 0.004; 18.2%(4/22) vs 0.0% (0/52), P = 0.008; 50.0% (11/22) vs 0.0% (0/52), P = 0.000; 63.6% (14/22) vs 0.0% (0/52), P = 0.000, respectively). However, there was no significant difference in the existence of central hilar structure [9.1% (2/22) vs 19.2% (10/52), P = 0.491] between mediastinal tubercular lymphadenopathy and sarcoidosis. Conclusions The endobronchial ultrasound features of mediastinal lymph nodes, including sizes, borders, fusion, hyperechoic echotexture and patchy anechoic/hypoechoic areas are helpful in the differential diagnosis of mediastinal tubercular lymphadenopathy and sarcoidosis.
ABSTRACT
Human cytomegalovirus(HCMV) is a neurotropic virus.Brain nerve cells are HCMV sensitive cell.Early fetal infection HCMV can lead to cerebral necrosis,calcification,cerebral developmental delay,common diffuse brain damage.The surviving fetus present prominent central nervous system damage,clinical manifestations of microcephaly,cerebral palsy and epilepsy and mental retardation,with memory impairment as the main symptoms.This paper reviews the HCMV intrauterine infection leads to memory impairment progress.