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Objective To investigate the expression of AR and its relationship with clinicopathological features in human epidermal growth factor receptor-2(Her-2) enrich breast cancer. Mehtods The expression of AR was detected by immunohistochemical staining in 102 patients with Her-2 enrich breast cancer. The relationship between AR expression and its clinicopathological characteristics was analyzed. Results The positive rate of AR expression was 75.5%. Patients in the positive group had a lower level of lymph nodes and Ki-67 value (P 0.05). Conclusion AR was highly expressed in Her-2 enrich breast cancer, which may be a potential target for treatment of Her-2 enrich breast cancer.
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Objective To measure the setup errors and organ movements of patients with esophagus carcinoma during radiotherapy and find a reasonable margin from the clinic target volume (CTV) to the planning target volume (PTV). Methods (1) Set-up veri cation: Forty-two cases of untreated esophageal cancer were enrolled into this study. The physicist firstly made the planning according to the doctor requests and ensured the best distribution at the target. Thereafter, the 0° and 90° digitally reconstructed radiograph (DRR) was transmitted to the iView GT workshop. Meanwhile, two copies of cross-cut electronic portal image (EPI) were required before radiotherapy. Two doctors confirmed the variance of the osteal mark from the EPI and DRR,and output a 3D direction (left to right, superior to inferior, anterior to posterior) of the setup errors through the iView GT software. (2)Breathing motion:Ten cases of untreated esophageal cancer were enrolled into this study.Three distinct breathing levels were deflned: FB (free breathing), EBH (expiration with breath-held) and IBH (inspiration with breath-held). We gave the treatment planning in FB, then by moving the isocenter to EBH and IBH, we recalculated the dose distribution without changing the field angle, shape and weighing (Mus). Displacements were analyzed at four points (anterior, posterior, right lateral and left lateral) and five levels of target (upper, quarter, isocenter, three-quarter and lower). Results (1) The systematic setup errors were -0.23 cm, -0.02 cm and -0.06 cm, and the random errors were 0.44 cm, 0.45 cm and 0.44 cm at the direction of left to right(LR), superior to inferior (SI), anterior to posterior(AP), respectively. (2) The organ movements were 0.3 cm, 0.6cm and 0.3cm at the LR, SI, AP, respectively. Conclusions As an alternative, the root-sum-of-squares of set-up error and organ motion are suggested by σtot=√ (σITV2+σSM2). The CTV to PTV margins are 0.8cm left to right, 0.78cm superior to inferior, 0.5cm anterior to posterior.
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Objective To evaluate the respiration-induced target volume motion in 3D-CRT for mid-thoracic esophageal carcinoma in order to guide the radiation oncologist to choose the expansion marginfor ITV.Methods Ten patients with mid-thoracic esophageal carcinoma were scanned by multi-spiral CTsimulator respectively in free breathing(FB),breath.hold after normal inspiration and expiration(IBH and EBH)with the same scanning range.Then the CT images of three series were transfefred to the treatmentplanning system.The target volume was outlined following the same standard.The motion of the centerpoint of GTV,the center point of each slice of GTV and the edge of the GTV in selected slice weremeasured respectively to obtain the comprehensive value of GTV motion。in order to find the appropriate IMvalue according to the 95％confidence interval of the GTV motion.Results①The GTV motion betweenIBH and EBH was(0.19±0.16)cm in the left.right direction,(0.54±0.19)cm in the cranial andcaudal irection.and(0.16±0.14)cm in anterior.posterior directions for the center of GTV,.For thecenter point of each slice of GTV.they ere(0.19±0.15)cm,(0.54±0.16)cm,(0.16±0.13)cm in three directions above.respectively.For the edge of the GTV in selected slice.they were(0.26±0.19)cm,(0.54±0.18)cm,(0.24±0.19)cm,respectively.The comprehensive value of GTV motion between IBH and EBH was(0.23±0.17)cm,(0.54±0.17)cm,(0.21±0.17)cm.respectively.The 95％confidence interval was 0.21-0.25 cm.0.53-0.56 cm and 0.19-0.22 cm in three directions.②The direction of GTV motion：No motion was noticed in 8.2％.while 73.3％to the right side and 18.5％to the left side in the left-right direction when IBH were compared with EBH.100％were moved to caudal in the the cranial and caudal direction[(0.54±0.17)cm].In the anterior-posterior direction,no motion was noticed in 8.2％,while 16.6％to the posterior and 75.2％to the anterior when IBH were compared with EBH.③The GTV motion was correlated with the vafiance of 1ung volumes in IBH-EBH(r=0.683,P=0.032)and not with GTV volume and length.Conclusions Respiration can induce target volume motion in 3 DCRT for mid-thoracic esophageal carcinoma.Compared to EBH.the GTV tends to move to the caudal,the anterior and the ight side in IBH.
ABSTRACT
Tumor motion can reduce the dose to the target volume while give unnecessary irradiation to the surrounding normal tissues and is an important factor to influence the precision radiotherapy. Many resear-ches find tumor motion exist in the radiotherapy for many tumors in thoracic and abdominal. Its main reason is respiration movement. Nowadays, there are some measurements to control it. The precision of radiotherapy can got further improved through the appropriate control to minimize the disadvantages influence of tumor motion in the precision radiotherapy.