ABSTRACT
Objective:To learn about the epidemiological characteristics and trends of brucellosis in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (Ningxia), and to provide reference for formulation of brucellosis prevention strategies and identification of key areas.Methods:The case data from 2004 to 2019 were collected from the "China Disease Prevention and Control Information System Infectious Disease Monitoring and Reporting System", and descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the distribution of cases (time, population, and regional distribution).Results:From 2004 to 2019, a total of 15 337 human brucellosis cases and 1 death case were reported in Ningxia. The average annual incidence rate was 15.21/100 000, ranging from 0.02/100 000 to 44.83/100 000. The difference in incidence rate in different years was statistically significant (χ 2 = 14 731.60, P < 0.001). Among them, from 2004 to 2010, the incidence rate was low, with an average annual incidence rate of 1.32/100 000; from 2011 to 2019, it entered a high incidence stage, with an average annual incidence rate of 24.83/100 000. Brucellosis occured in every month of the year, and the onset time was mainly in March to September, accounting for 71.60% (10 981/15 337); seasonal indexes from April to August was all > 100%, with obvious seasonality. The age of onset mainly concentrated in 20 - < 70 years old, accounting for 89.60% (13 742/15 337); males were significantly more than females, with a sex ratio of 2.66 ∶ 1.00 (11 141/4 196); the occupations were mainly farmers and herdsmen, accounting for 86.03% (13 194/15 337). Since 2014, cases had been reported in 22 counties (districts, cities) in the region, all of which were all severely endemic areas; the top three counties (districts) with incidence rate were Yanchi County (103.73/100 000), Hongsibao District (56.01/100 000) and Tongxin County (29.18/ 100 000), respectively, the difference between different regions was statistically significant (χ 2 = 3.80, P < 0.001). Conclusions:The incidence rate of brucellosis in Ningxia is on the rise, and the epidemic situation is severe. It is recommended to carry out active and effective intervention measures in areas with high incidence of brucellosis to curb the further spread of brucellosis.
ABSTRACT
Objective@#To understand the characteristics and changes of the incidence of amoebic dysentery in China during 2015-2018, explore the causes of high incidence in some areas and provide a data base for the development of national prevention and control strategies and measures.@*Methods@#Data were collected from the infectious disease reporting management information system from Chinese Disease Control and Prevention. To understand the seasonal, population and area distributions of amoebic dysentery, descriptive epidemiological method and software SPSS 16.0 were used to analyze the amoebic dysentery data.@*Results@#A total of 4 366 amoebic dysentery cases were reported without death in China during 2015-2018. The reported average annual incidence was 0.08/100 000, and the overall proportion of laboratory confirmed cases was 68.23%(2 979/4 366). Amoeba dysentery mainly occurred during May to October. One seasonal peak was observed in 2015 and 2017 (July and June, respectively), and two seasonal peaks were observed in 2016 and 2018 (June and October). The patients were mainly children aged under 5 years (42.28%, 1 846/4 366), and the incidence rate decreased with age in children aged under 10 years. Of these, children under 1 years of age had the highest incidence rate (1.28/100 000). The number of cumulative reported cases in Guangxi, Henan, Guangdong, Heilongjiang and Jiangxi provinces ranked top five from 2015-2018, accounting for 64.50% (2 816/4 366) of the total. The cumulative cases in Dongxing county, Guangxi, in Suixian county, Henan and in Ranghulu district, Heilongjiang, respectively accounted for more than 50.00% of the total number of cases in their provinces.@*Conclusions@#The incidence rate of amoebic dysentery reported in China during 2015-2018 showed a decreasing trend, with a higher incidence in children under 5 years old and a higher number of cases in some areas. It is suggested to further investigate and analyze the diagnosis and reporting of amoeba dysentery in key areas and promote the update of the diagnostic standards for amoeba dysentery.
ABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the investigation data of the national schistosomiasis surveillance sites in 2015,so as to provide scientific evidences for schistosomiasis control,elimination and surveillance. Methods According to National Schisto-somiasis Surveillance Programme(version 2014),457 surveillance sites were selected,and the investigation data in residents, floating population,domestic animals and Oncomelania hupensis snails were collected and analyzed from four types of endemic counties. Results A total of 4468 seropositive cases were detected from 133350 residents,among which 4457 residents with seropositive results received the etiological tests,and 71 of them were identified with positive results. Most of them were fisher-men and farmers in the middle and old-aged group. The schistosomiasis infection rate was 0.05% in local population. Totally 977 seropositive cases were examined from 85047 migrant individuals,and 16 positive cases were found out from 966 individuals who took etiological tests,which showed the schistosomiasis infection rate was 0.02% in floating population. Imported cases were found among floating people in four provinces,namely Zhejiang,Hunan,Hubei and Anhui provinces. No acute schistoso-miasis cases were reported. A total of 13406 head of cattle received examinations and only 5 were determined as stool positives. The cattle infection rate was 0.04%. The snail survey covered an area of 22295.13 hm2 and snails were found in an area of 7426.63 hm2,including 3.47 hm2 newly detected area with snails. No schistosome-infected snails were found. Conclusions Based on the collected data from 457 national schistosomiasis surveillance sites of China,the Schistosoma japonicum infection rate is 0.05% in local population which maintains a stably descending trend. In floating population,there are imported schistosome-in-fected persons. Cattle are still a vulnerable species infected with schistosome. Although no infected snails are found,snails are widely distributed in endemic areas. Some provinces detect areas with snails for the first time or the reproduction of snails. The staff in endemic provinces should carry out the surveillance work according to National Schistosomiasis Surveillance Programme (version2014)to improve the surveillance system,and enhance the sensibility and effectiveness of surveillance work.
ABSTRACT
Objective To understand the characteristics and relation of clinical stage and outcome of severe cases on hand,foot and mouth disease (HFMD) and to establish the evaluation method for understanding severity of this disease.Methods According to factors as geographical location,economic and epidemic levels,five provinces (Henan,Shandong,Yunnan,Zhejiang and Sichuan provinces) were selected.Reported severe cases of HFMD from the National Notifiable Diseases Reporting System were selected randomly in the five provinces.Basic epidemiological information,clinical data,and pathogen testing results in the involved hospitals were collected.Clinical stages on all the patients were decided in accordance with "the clinical expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment for severe case of enterovirus type 71 (EV71) infections (2011 edition)".Data were analyzed using SPSS software 18.0 and other epidemiological methods.Results A total of 657 severe HFMD cases were investigated,with 326 cases positive of EV71,accounting for 91.3％ (326/357) among all the laboratory-confirmed cases.Of the 657 cases,542 cases (82.5％,95％CI:79.4％-85.3％) were diagnosed as in stage 2 (with nervous system involvement),99 cases (15.1％,95％CI:12.4％-18.0％) in stage 3 (early phase of function failure on heart and lung),and 16 cases (2.4％,95％CI:1.4％-3.9％) were in stage 4 (function failure of heart and lung).11 cases (1.7％,95％CI:0.9％-3.0％) were with squeal when discharged from hospital with 8 cases (1.2％,95％CI:0.6％-2.3％) died.When comparing the proportions among stage 2,stage 3 and stage 4,significant differences were found between age groups (x2=22.632,P=0.012).The younger the patient was the lower the proportions of stage 2 and the more proportion of stage 3 appeared.When comparing the proportions of clinical stages among the five provinces,significant differences (x2=41.481,P =0.000) were noticed.Proportions of different clinical stages in gender,ethnicity,occupation,place of residence types and the type of pathogen appeared no significant differences,respectively.However,the proportions of squeal and death in stage 2,stage 3 and stage 4 showed significant differences (sequela:x2=12.960,P=0.001;Death:x 2=16.850,P=0.001),respectively.Conclusions The pcrccntage of clinical stages of severe HFMD patients related to the rate of squeal and death.Clinical staging can be used for assessing the clinical severity of complications and the effectiveness of treatment,of HFMD.
ABSTRACT
Objective To understand the characteristics and relation of clinical stage and outcome of severe cases on hand,foot and mouth disease (HFMD) and to establish the evaluation method for understanding severity of this disease.Methods According to factors as geographical location,economic and epidemic levels,five provinces (Henan,Shandong,Yunnan,Zhejiang and Sichuan provinces) were selected.Reported severe cases of HFMD from the National Notifiable Diseases Reporting System were selected randomly in the five provinces.Basic epidemiological information,clinical data,and pathogen testing results in the involved hospitals were collected.Clinical stages on all the patients were decided in accordance with "the clinical expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment for severe case of enterovirus type 71 (EV71) infections (2011 edition)".Data were analyzed using SPSS software 18.0 and other epidemiological methods.Results A total of 657 severe HFMD cases were investigated,with 326 cases positive of EV71,accounting for 91.3％ (326/357) among all the laboratory-confirmed cases.Of the 657 cases,542 cases (82.5％,95％CI:79.4％-85.3％) were diagnosed as in stage 2 (with nervous system involvement),99 cases (15.1％,95％CI:12.4％-18.0％) in stage 3 (early phase of function failure on heart and lung),and 16 cases (2.4％,95％CI:1.4％-3.9％) were in stage 4 (function failure of heart and lung).11 cases (1.7％,95％CI:0.9％-3.0％) were with squeal when discharged from hospital with 8 cases (1.2％,95％CI:0.6％-2.3％) died.When comparing the proportions among stage 2,stage 3 and stage 4,significant differences were found between age groups (x2=22.632,P=0.012).The younger the patient was the lower the proportions of stage 2 and the more proportion of stage 3 appeared.When comparing the proportions of clinical stages among the five provinces,significant differences (x2=41.481,P =0.000) were noticed.Proportions of different clinical stages in gender,ethnicity,occupation,place of residence types and the type of pathogen appeared no significant differences,respectively.However,the proportions of squeal and death in stage 2,stage 3 and stage 4 showed significant differences (sequela:x2=12.960,P=0.001;Death:x 2=16.850,P=0.001),respectively.Conclusions The pcrccntage of clinical stages of severe HFMD patients related to the rate of squeal and death.Clinical staging can be used for assessing the clinical severity of complications and the effectiveness of treatment,of HFMD.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the epidemiological and clinical features of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) since several outbreaks of HFMD caused by enteroviruses were documented in China between 2007 and 2008.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>HFMD cases reported to the National Infectious Disease Information Management System database between May 2008 and April 2009 were assessed. Clinical features in some of the severe and fatal cases were analyzed the etiology of the outbreaks was investigated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>89.1% of reported HFMD cases were found in children<5 year-old with an age-specific incidence rate of 834.1/100 000 in the first year as the notifiable disease in China from May 2008 to April 2009. The incidence, mortality and percentage of severe cases were studied for three regions of China and found to be highest in the central region. The incidence of severe cases and mortality in rural population were significantly higher than those in urban population. Among the laboratory confirmed EV17 positive cases there were 52.6% mild, 83.5% severe, and 96.1% fatal cases. More myoclonic jerks were found in the severe case group than in group that died. Tachypnea, lip purpling, pink foaming and low limb temperature occurred more frequently in the fatal cases than in the severe cases.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The epidemic of HFMD in China was characterized predominantly by EV71 infections, had relatively high mortality rates especially in the central region, and was most prevalent in young, rural populations.</p>
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Middle Aged , Young Adult , China , Epidemiology , Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease , Epidemiology , PathologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Having breakfast everyday is a behavior promoting health recommended WHO, while it is easy to be ignored.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the breakfast habits of pupils in Beijing and Shanghai so as to provide a scientific basis for further studying the problems in having breakfast among the pupils, drafting and developing "nutritious breakfast program for students".DESIGN: Stratified and cluster sampling and investigation study were used based on the pupils.SETTING: Institute of health for child of two universities.SUBJECTS: A total of 8688 six to eleven years old Beijing and Shanghai pupils were involved from March 2002 to June 2002. Among them 4692 pupils came from Beijing. There were 4637 valid questionnaires, 2386 of which were from male pupils and 2251 from female pupiIs. Among the total subjects, there were 4300 Shanghai pupils, and 4051 questionnaires were valid, of which 2031 were from the male pupils and 2020 from female students.METHODS: A self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted. The content of the questionnaire included the general conditions of the family, dietary preferences, food for breakfast, consumption of the milk food and so on.RESULTS: The results showed that about 25.8% boys and 21.6% girls in Beijing did not eat breakfast regularly; similarly, the percentage was about 11.4% for boys and 13.3% for girls in Shanghai. The reasons for not having breakfast included the following: They had no appetite, or had no enough time for it, or the parents were too busy to prepare in the mornings. For those of them who eat breakfasts, the nutrients of their breakfast usually were not adequate. 55% of the students had their breakfast prepared by their mothers. As for the eating sites, students mainly ate at home; the next was having it on the way to school or eating at the roadside luncheonettes. The cost of breakfast was 2 - 3 yuan. The breakfast behaviors of the pupils were closely related with the behaviors of their mothers( r = 0. 4333, P < 0.01 ).CONCLUSION: It is suggested that quality of breakfast of the pupils need to be improved. The behaviors of the parents influence their children in breakfast habits.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To analyze the epidemiological status of overweight and obesity in various student groups and the prevalence changes in recent 15 years, in order to take effective preventive measures against obesity. Methods: Students aged 7 through 22 years participated in the 1985 and 2000 National Surveys on Students Constitution and Health were used as subjects. The newly established BMI screening criteria for overweight and obesity, to analyze the prevalence among various populations. Results: In 2000, the prevalence rates of obesity were 4.37%,1.46%,2.32% and 0.92%,and that of overweight were 10.38%,4.34%,5.94% and 3.67% for the urban boys, rural boys,urban girls and rural girls, respectively, which were all significantly increased in multiple times as compared with those in 1985. However, significant differences could be found among various areas. The prevalence rates of obesity in several metropolitans have reached 9.63% for males and 4.50% for females, and those of overweight have reached 15.29% for males and 8.77% for females, respectively. Most of the other areas are still staying at the early prevalence stage. The prevalence of obesity in the Western China is generally low, and actually no prevalence of obesity is found in the rural female population. Conclusion: It’s an urgent task to act on a series of comprehensive measures to prevent and cure the obesity of youth in China’s developed areas from now on. However, corresponding effective measures of obesity prevention are also needed in other areas of this country.