ABSTRACT
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a progressive disease causing male lower urinary tract symptoms. The incidence of BPH increases with age. Studies have revealed that the prostate microenvironment is closely related to occurrence and development of BPH. This article reviews the mechanisms of cell components, such as lymphocytes and fibroblasts, inflammatory mediators, such as interleukins and growth factors, hypoxia and oxidative stress in the microenvironment that promote prostate hyperplasia.
ABSTRACT
Objective To establish a reliable pretreatment method for the detection of mequindox and its metabolite in pork luncheon meat by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/triple qudrupole tandem mass spectrometry. Methods Samples were extracted with ethyl acetate, and the results of purification and enrichment by PAX and PEP solid-phase extraction columns were analyzed. Acetonitrile/methanol (3:11) - 0.1% formic acid water was used as the mobile phase, and Shimadzu Inertsil ODS-3-column (3µm, 2.1 × 100mm) chromatographic columns were used for qualitative and quantitative analysis using the multi-reaction detection positive ion mode. Results The results showed that PEP cartridge had good recovery rate. The detection limit of mequindox was 0.10µg/kg, and limit of quantitation was 0.30µg/kg. The average recoveries for spiked levels of 0.33, 0.83, and 1.65µg/kg were 127%, 72.0%, and 60.1%, respectively. The detection limit of 2-quinoxalinecarboxylic acid was 0.10µg/kg, and limit of quantitation was 0.40µg/kg. The average recoveries for spiked levels of 0.42, 1.05, and 2.1µg/kg were 125%, 99.0%, and 60.9%, respectively. Conclusion This method is suitable for the determination of mequindox and its metabolite 2-quinoxalinecarboxylic acid in luncheon meat.
ABSTRACT
Objective To study the inhibitory effects ofisorhamnetin on six kinds of CYPs of liver in vitro,and the toxic effect on rat hepatocytes Methods This report uses warm incubation of human liver microsomes in vitro to investigate the inhibition of isorhamnetin on 6 kinds of CYPs (CYP2C19,CYP2D6,CYP3A4,CYP2E1,CYP1A2 and CYP2C9),and using HPLC-MS/MS to detect product of metabolism as well as analysing of the pathways of metabolic.At the same time,using rat primary hepatocytes which has low CYPs activity in vitro to explore whether the use of isorhamnetin will cause effects on the ALT,AST and LDH of hepatocytes.Results Isorhamnetin has inhibition effects on CYP2E1 and CYP1A2,the inhibition rate were 59.48％ and 39.91％,respectively.Methylated metabolite is produced after incubating of isorhamnetin and HLMs.The isorhmnetin becomes high polarity and water solubility metabolite 3,3',4',5,7-hydroxyflavone.Isorhamnetin of 30,100 and 300 μmol/L cause a significant rise of ALT and LDH in primary cultured rat hepatocytes cultured (P ＜ 0.01).isorharnnetin of 100 μmol/L cause a rise of AST in primary cultured rat hepatocytes cultured (P ＜ 0.05) and 300 μmol/L cause a significant rise (P ＜ 0.01).It was a dose-dependent manner.Conclusion Isorhamnetin in vitro mainly metabolized by HLMs,and at the same time have a certain inhibitory effect on CYP2E1 and CYP1A2,which may cause the drugs which are metabolized by CYP2E1 and CYP1A2 in vivo accumulation that lead to a series of drug interactions.The results also indicate that heavy use of isorhamnetin cause some adverse effects on hepatocytes,and it was a dose-dependent manner.Individuals need to pay attention to the dose ofisorhamnetin and the potential drug interactions.