ABSTRACT
Background In recent years, ozone (O3) has gradually become a key air pollutant affecting public health. Studies have been conducted to evaluate O3 pollution-associated disease burden for general population, but there is a lack of research on O3 pollution-associated disease burden of gestational complications. Objective To assess the disease burden of O3 pollution on pregnancy complications in the Yangtze River Delta region and the changes in the disease burden resulting from the improvement of O3 pollution levels. Methods Through Chinese databases such as China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Wanfang, as well as English databases including PubMed and Web of Science, a systematic search was conducted to retrieve epidemiological studies investigating the association between O3 exposure and pregnancy complications from January 1, 2010 to February 28, 2023. Using predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria, retrieved studies were screened and assessed for heterogeneity using the Higgins I2 statistic. The exposure increment was standardized to 10 µg·m−3, and a meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the exposure-response relationship. Spatial analysis and environmental health risk assessment were then employed, using O3 monitoring data at national air monitoring stations, population data, and related disease burden parameters in the Yangtze River Delta region, to evaluate changes in the disease burden of pregnancy complications associated with improvements in O3 pollution levels. Results The meta-analysis revealed a significant association between maternal O3 exposure and increased risks of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), particularly in early pregnancy, and the related odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were 1.028 (1.002, 1.055) and 1.031 (1.023, 1.040), respectively. The cities with higher attribution fractions (AF) of GDM and HDP related to O3 exposure in 2017 and 2020 in the Yangtze River Delta region were Xuzhou, Huaibei, Suzhou (Anhui Province), Changzhou, and Wuxi, with most cities showing a significant decrease in AF in 2020. Except for Hefei, the cases of GDM and HDP attributable to O3 exposure in the remaining cities of the Yangtze River Delta region decreased by 16.31% to 57.41% in 2020 compared to 2017. In addition, except for Hefei, Suqian, Anqing, and Wuxi, the direct medical costs attributed to O3 exposure in the remaining cities decreased by 1.12% to 45.36% in 2020 compared to 2017. Conclusion Exposure to O3 during pregnancy is associated with increased risks of GDM and HDP. There are differences in the disease burden of GDM and HDP related to O3 pollution among cities in the Yangtze River Delta region in 2017 and 2020. In 2020, compared to 2017, the disease burden in most cities is decreased.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate current status of preschool children's social competence and its relation to tempera-ment type. Methods A total of 1 251 children participated in this study. The questionnaire was conducted and the children were assessed usinginfant-junior middle school student's ability of social life scaleandchildren's temperament scale. Results No significant gender difference was observed in total score of social competence (P>0.05). The total score of live independently was higher in girls as compared to boys (P<0.05). A significant gender difference was observed in classified scores of social competence (P<0.05). Girls with excellent or better-than-normal social competence were more than boys (P<0.05). The distribu-tion of the temperament type in preschool children were the difficult-to-raise type (8.1%), the start-slow type (15.4%), the stan-dard type (69.0%) and the easy-to-raise type (7.5%). There was statistically gender significance (P<0.05) in the distribution of the temperament types. The percentage of difficult-to-raise type was higher in girls than in boys. The percentage of easy-to-raise type was higher in boys than in girls. The total score and classified scores of social competence had significant difference among children with different temperament types (P<0.05). Conclusions There is significant diffe-rence of social competence in chil-dren with different temperament types. Corresponding educational measures according to the child's temperament may be bene-fit to the development in preschool children.