Application-of-the-proposed-sydney-system-in-reporting-of-the-lymph-node-cytopathology—a-retrospective-study

Introduction: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a widely accepted first line of investigation to diagnose the cause of lymphadenopathy. A standardized categorization and reporting system for lymph node cytology was proposed in 20th International Congress of Cytology at Sydney which consisted of 5 categories (L1, L2, L3, L4, L5) with management recommendations for each. Aims and Objective: To review the application of the Sydney system in achieving a uniform standardized approach for classifying and reporting lymph node cytology and to assess the risk of malignancy (ROM) for each category. : A 2 year single institute retrospective study. Clinical details were collectedMaterials and Methods from the patient records and cytology smears were reviewed by 2 cyto-pathologists as per the Sydney system. Histological correlation was done wherever possible. Statistical analysis was performed. 437 cases were re-Results: evaluated, with mean age of 39.66 years, slight male preponderance and cervical lymph node being the most common site. L2/Benign was the most common category with reactive lymphoid hyperplasia being the most common diagnosis and metastatic squamous cell carcinoma was the most common L5/malignant diagnosis. Histopathological correlation was available for 40 (9.1%) cases and the highest calculated risk of malignancy (ROM) was for L4 and L5 categories (100% each). The diagnostic accuracy of the proposed Sydney system in our study was 96.66%. TheConclusion: proposed Sydney system improves the diagnostic accuracy and standardizes the reporting of lymph node cyto- pathology. It improves the patient care by giving management recommendation to the clinicians.

Effectiveness of Play Activity on Fine Motor Skills among Mentally Retarded Children

Introduction: Motor development process is vital for the development of children and lasts their entire lifetime. Mentallyretarded children have some incompetency with their motor developmental process as with other developmental processes.Motor development improves with physical development and growth.Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of play activity on fine motor skills (FMS) among mentally retarded children.Materials and Methods: True experimental pre-test–post-test control group design was used. The study was conducted in theInstitute for Mentally Retarded children. 30 in each (experimental and control) group selected by simple random sampling. MadrasDevelopmental Programming System – behavioral scale used to assess the FMS. Play activity was given to the experimentalgroup, 30 min for 15 days. Post-test was conducted after 5 weeks.Results: Significant improvement noted in fine motor skills in experimental group. Association between FMS and type ofdelivery was significant at P < 0.042.Conclusion: Play activity was effective in improving the FMS among mentally retarded children.

Healicoll: An Alternate to Flap Cover for Bare Bones and Tendons.

Background: Wounds with bare bone, joint and tendons in the extremities have been a formidable challenge to plastic surgeons. Although several skin substitutes are used in West, as both dermal and epidermal analogue, they are expensive and most of them are unavailable in India. It is in this scenario that Healicoll – a type 1 pure collagen as a possible dermal substitute is being investigated. The material ‘Healicoll’ is a type-1 native collagen derived from the bovine source and is bioengineered, biocompatible and biodegradable skin substitute. The advantages of Healicoll have led us to an increase in its use for complex wounds. Medical literature on Healicoll, thus far has only reported its use for superficial burns and ulcers. Materials & Methods: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the advantages of using an inexpensive, easily available, bioengineered skin substitute ‘Healicoll’ for the closure of bare bone, joints and tendon. Results: Healicoll was used in three patients with two patients having undergone surgery involving use of Healicoll for bare bones, joints and tendons after release of contracture following burns and trauma, and one patient was treated with Healicoll as an outpatient procedure for bare bones following electrical burns. The mean hospital stay was 15 days. In all the three cases, a clear neodermis had covered the bones and joints in 5 days time and was ready to support the take of skin graft. Conclusions: Based on our initial experience, Healicoll skin substitute offers an excellent alternative for rapid reconstruction obviating the need for flap cover for wounds that have been difficult to reconstruct.

Nano Coated Lead Free Solders for Sustainable Electronic Waste Management

ABSTRACT Lead has been used in a wide range of applications, but in the past decades it became clear that its high toxicity could cause various problems. Studies indicate that exposure to high concentrations of lead can cause harmful damages to humans. To eliminate the usage of lead in electronic products as an initiative towards electronic waste management (e waste), lead free solders were produced with suitable methods by replacing lead. But lead free solders are not preferred as a substitute of lead because they are poor in their mechanical properties such as tensile strength, shear strength and hardness which are ultimately required for a material to resist failure.Nano-Structured materials and coatings offer the potential for Vital improvements in engineering properties based on improvements in physical and mechanical properties resulting from reducing micro structural features by factors of 100 to 1000 times compared to current engineering materials.

Pleomorphic Hyalinizing Angiectatic Tumor: Immunohistochemical Study with Review of Literature.

Pleomorphic hyalinizing angiectatic tumor (PHAT) is relatively a new entity that was described first in 1996. Although it is often confused with neurilemmoma and low grade malignant fibrous histiocytoma, it is considered to be a distinctive neoplasm because of certain unique microscopic and immunohistochemical findings. It is a low grade, slowly growing tumor that recurs after surgical removal in about a third of all cases. It is not known to metastasize. In this review, we have immunohistochemically analyzed a case of gluteal soft tissue tumor in a 22-year-old woman using CD 34, CD 68, CD 99, S100 and desmin. Classical histological features and positivity for only CD 34 helped in establishing the diagnosis as PHAT. We have reviewed the available literature.

Efficacy of the seven feature, fifteen point histological scoring system and CD56 in interpretation of liver biopsies in persistent neonatal cholestasis: A five-year study.

Context: Neonatal cholestasis (NC) lasting more than 2 weeks affects one in 2500 live births. Extrahepatic biliary atresia (EHBA) and idiopathic neonatal hepatitis account for about 70% of all cases of NC. Differentiating these two conditions is important as patient management is very different for both the conditions. Aims: To assess the usefulness of the seven-feature, 15-point histological scoring system in the interpretation of liver biopsy in NC and usefulness of immunostaining with CD56 (N-CAM) in EHBA. Settings and Design: Retrospective study of 5 years’ duration at a pediatric referral institute, where the case load of NC is high and defi nitive surgery for EHBA is undertaken after histological confi rmation. Materials and Methods: The study is of a 5-year duration conducted between June 2007 and May 2012. A total of 210 cases of NC were clinically diagnosed during this period. All the slides were reviewed with reference to a seven-feature, 15-point histological scoring system assessing its usefulness in the interpretation of liver biopsy in NC and utility of the immunohistochemical marker CD56 was also assessed as an aid in the characterization of bile ductular proliferation in EHBA. Statistical Analysis: Statistical analysis was performed and sensitivity and specifi city of the histological scoring system for EHBA was analyzed. Results: Of the 210 liver biopsies reviewed using the scoring system, 122 cases were diagnosed as EHBA and 88 cases were diagnosed as other causes of NC. The overall sensitivity of this scoring system was 95.5%, specifi city was 93.1% and diagnostic accuracy was 94.6%. Conclusions: The seven-feature, 15-point histological scoring system has good diagnostic accuracy in the interpretation of liver histology in NC as advanced histopathological fi ndings even at younger age require immediate surgery. CD-56 is a useful marker in the assessment of bile ductular proliferation in EHBA.

Oral Lipoma : A Case Report.

Lipoma is the benign tumor of adipose tissue. It constitutes about 1 to 2% of all benign neoplasms of the oral cavity. Intraorally, it occurs predominantly in the buccal mucosa followed by tongue, floor of the mouth, buccal vestibule and rarely in the palate and gingiva. An 80-year-old male reported with a swelling in the right buccal mucosa for the past two years. Clinically the swelling was light yellow in color and had a broad peduncle. The swelling was soft in consistency and mobile. A provisional diagnosis of a lipoma was made. The tumor was excised and confirmed by histopathological examination.

Lenz microphthalmic syndrome in an Indian patient.

A case of Lenz microphthalmia syndrome in a seven-month-old male child having features of unilateral anophthalmia, microcephaly, external ear and finger abnormalities, hydrocele and hypospadias is being reported. The unilateral involvement and anophthalmia is rare in Lenz syndrome. The manifestation of hydrocele in association with this syndrome has not been seen in earlier cases. This is the first documented case from India.

Giant cell tumour of talus--a case report.

Giant cell tumour of the talus bone is rare and is usually seen in skeletally mature adults. Here a case of giant cell tumour of the talus in a skeletally immature boy of 15 years is reported. The patient presented with swelling and tenderness of the left ankle with an osteolytic lesion seen in the talus on x-ray. A trephine biopsy followed by left talar excision was done. Following the biopsy report the patient underwent arthotomy and joint clearance. There was no recurrence noted at six months follow-up.