ABSTRACT
Both extracorporeal shock were lithotripsy [ESWL] and ureteroscopy [URS] are well established methods in stone treatment, however the therapeutic procedure in ureteral calculi especially the distal third of the ureter is still a matter of controversy. The aim of the study was to compare the results of ESWL and URS in the treatment of distal ureteral calculi less than 1 cm in size. The study included 50 patients with distal ureteral calculi less than 1 cm, they were divided into two groups, 25 patients each. The first group was treated by ESWL using Dornier-S lithotripter while the second group was treated by URS with extraction of the stone or intracrporeal lithotripsy using the pneumatic lithotripter "The Swiss Lithoclast". Our results showed the mean operative time of URS to be less than that of ESWL. The fluoroscopy time was too much less in the URS group than the ESWL group and the stone free rate of URS to be greater than that of ESWL [the overall success rate was 92% for URS compared to 84% for the ESWL]. We concluded that URS is significantly better than ESWL in terms of operative time, fluoroscopy time and the time needed to achieve a stone free state. Disadvantages of URS are the need for stenting and the dependence on the surgical skill. So for distal ureteral calculi we recommend URS as a first line treatment
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Lithotripsy/methods , Ureteroscopy/methods , Comparative Study , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Ten strains of Chlamydomonas were isolated as unialgal, then axenic cultures, starting from algal samples collected from different sites and habitats of Damietta county. Biochemical taxonomy in the form of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of isozymal systems for malate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and alpha- esterase was employed in an attempt to improve the current taxonomic status of such microalgae depending mainly on morphological criteria. Data had been clustered in the form of similarity matrices and dendrograms. The eleecttrophoretic isozymal analysis of the ten Chlamydomonas species and strains showed the possibility of building up species groupings. Each grouping with an isozymal similarity which is good enough to tie its members together. These species groupings are suggested as follows: a] C.sphagnophfla I and C.isphagnophila II. b] C:asymmetrica, C.gloeogama and C.terricola c] C.sphagnophila III, C.debaryana and C.bicocca. Each of C.fimbryata and Ci.globosa didn't show isozymal similarity enough to fit to any of the above mentioned species groupings, and would rather stand as real independent genuine species by themselves. Although C.sphagnophila I and C.sphagnophila II showed strong isozymal relationships, they proved not to be identical and hence are suggested to be considered as two different varieties of the species sphagnophila. C.sphagnophila III, though it looks morphologically identical with C.sphagnofila I and C.sphagnophila II, its isozymal patterns showed to be dissimilar enough with them, so that it is better to split it as another different species rather than keeping it as a strain of the sphagnophila species. The present work shows the significance of biochemical tools to improve the taxonomy of microalgae and -necessity of using as many isozymal systems as possible and the risk of relying on one or two systems only