Comparison of shear bond strength between composite resin and porcelain using different bonding systems

Ceramics as in ceramo-metallic and all ceramic tooth restorations have grown popular owing to their high tissue compatibility and esthetic advantages. Such restorations have the capability to deliver valuable services over a long period of time; however, failures under intraoral conditions are not unanticipated. The purpose of this in-vitro study was to investigate the shear bond strength of composite resin to porcelain using different bonding system materials.In this experimental study forty porcelain blocks were prepared and randomly divided into four equal groups. The porcelain surfaces were then etched with HF for 2 minutes, washed with water for 2 minutes and treated with a silane layer. The silane treated porcelain surfaces were left for one minute and then the specimens were bonded to composite resin as follow: Group 1 [control group], hybrid composite Z100 was applied and light cured from four directions for 20 seconds. Group 2, flowable composite was applied and light cured for 20 seconds. Group 3, unfilled resin was used and photo cured for 20 seconds. Group 4, [Dentin bonding agent] adhesive resin was used followed by 20 seconds photo curing. Hybrid composite resin Z100 was subsequently applied on all porcelain surfaces of groups 2, 3 and 4, and light cured for 20 seconds from four directions. Specimens were then subjected to thermocycling 1000 times. Shear bond strength was determined by a Universal testing machine. The data obtained was subjected to a one-way ANOVA test.The results indicate that there is a statistically significant difference between adhesive group and the other three groups of hybrid, flowable and unfilled resin [P<0.05]. The results from this study showed that the shear bond strength of composite resin to porcelain was significantly higher for porcelain bonded surfaces using a dentin bonding agent than that of other materials tested

Fetus in fetu

The fetus in fetu [FIF] is statement which is used to describe one of the asymmetrical monozygotic twinning. In this kind of twinning, which is also called endoparasitic, one of the fetuses grows like a parasite inside the other one. Endoparasitic twins are usually located in the upper abdominal retroperitoneum with close anastomosis to the vitellin circulation and it consists of vertebrae, dermal structures, extremities, intestine and neural tissues. Less commonly they have gonads, adrenals, heart and lungs. The sex ratio is equal. Presented here is a case report from Iran

Esophageal atresia: results of 108 cases in an 11 year period

From October 1977 to December 1988, 108 neonates born with esophageal atresia [EA] and/or a tracheoesophageal fistula [TEF] were treated at the Bristol Royal Hospital for Sick Children An incidence of 1:4000-4500 live births was noted. 82.4% had the common-type anomaly, 5.5% had pure esophageal atresia, and 6.5% had an H type anomaly. 2.8% had upper and lower fistulae and 2.8% had upper fistulae Forty-nine patients [45.3%] had associated anomalies of which the cardiovascular system [16.6%] was the most common. With consideration of the urogenital system as a unique system, urogenital anomalies were the most common associated anomalies [20.3%]. Thirty [27.7%] of 108 neonates had VACTERL associated anomalies, which were more frequent in the common-type anomaly. Seven of 9 deaths in the VACTERL associated group were because of associated anomalies and cardiac anomalies were a common cause of late death in this study. In full-term and well babies with common type anomalies, transanastomotic tubes significantly decreased hospital stay. Every effort was made to maintain the neonate's own esophagus, and in pure esophageal atresia 5 of 6 neonates were Successfully treated by spontaneous growth and anastomosis "and only the neonate underwent gastric tube formation as an esophageal replacement. Anastomosis was done in one layer by 5/0 silk, and 17.14% developed leak, 29.62% strictures, 1.90% recurrent fistula, and the rate of anastomotic complications was markedly higher in delayed and staged operations. Fifty-three neonates [50.47%] had respiratory complications which were. the most common complication. Thirty-three [31.4%] had gastroesophageal reflux [GER], all but one of which were treated medically. The routine policy now is that all babies are put on Gaviscon until the child can adopt an upright position