[Effect of aerobic training on serum adiponectin and Ctrp-3 in males with metabolic syndrome]

Introduction: Adiponectin and CTRP-3 as anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic cytokines play an important role in the metabolic syndrome. The effects of aerobic training on both metabolic risk factors is unknown. Therefore we aimed to investigate the effects of aerobic training on and these cytokines serum adiponectin and Ctrp-3 levels in males with metabolic syndrome

Material and Methods: Twenty five males with metabolic syndrome [age: 56.04 +/- 4.37 yrs, weight:98.98 +/- 6.62 kg and BMI: 32.52 +/- 1.17 kg/m2] were randomized in two groups including the Aerobic Training [n=13] and the Controls [n=12]. Aerobic Training subjects were trained for eight weeks at 60-70% of max reserve heart rate, 3 sessions/wk. Blood samples were collected at baseline and 48 hrs following the last training session

Results: Aerobic Training increased serum adiponectin [P=0.002] and plasma HDL levels [P=0.001] and caused decreases in waist circumference [P=0.001], blood glucose [P=0.003] and insulin resistance [P=0.02]; however, there were no effects on serum CTRP-3 [P=0.30], insulin [P=0.65] and Mean atrial pressure [P=0.12] and plasma triglyceride levels [P=0.24]

Conclusion: Serum Adiponectin and CTRP-3 are associated with metabolic risk factors and insulin resistance and aerobic training can improve patients' metabolic state with synchronized elevation of the circulatory adiponectin level

[Effects of endurance training and detraining on serum BDNF and memory performance in middle aged males with metabolic syndrome]

The aim of present study was to evaluate the effects of aerobic training and detraining periods on metabolic risk factors, BDNF and memory function. Forty-two middle-aged, sedentary males volunteers were randomly divided into four groups; MetS Exercise [ME], MetS Control [MC], Healthy Exercise [HE] and Healthy Controls [HC]. Both the ME and HE groups participated in an exercise training [AT] program [6 weeks], followed by 6 weeks of detraining [DT]. Midterm and Digit Span memory tests and blood sampling were conducted before and after training and also following detraining. Data were analyzed using Pearson coefficient, multivariate ANOVA and ANCOVA and repeated measure. Most of the metabolic risk factors significantly improved after AT in the ME group; waist circumference and FBS however returned to baseline values following DT [P<0.05]. Waist circumference and triglycerides in the HE group decreased significantly, but returned to baseline values after DT [P<0.05]. Aerobic exercise training could ameliorate overall MetS Z scores in both the ME and HE, groups, effects that disappeared in the ME group, even following DT [P<0.05]. Serum BDNF was significantly elevated in HE, but surprisingly decreased in ME, effects that both disappeared after DT [P<0.05]. Only in HE, both the short-term and mid-term memory improved significantly after AT [P<0.05]. These findings indicate that physical fitness training programs ameliorate metabolic risk factors and improve learning and memory ability

[Effects of aerobic training with low and intermediate intensity on appetite, body weight, exercise energy expenditure and plasma ghrelin level in relatively thin and obese sedentary women]

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of 8 weeks of aerobic exercise with low and intermediate intensity on appetite, body weight, exercise energy expenditure, and plasma ghrelin level in women. Sixteen relatively obese [BMI>28] and 14 relatively thin [BMI<22] volunteer female-subjects were divided randomly into four groups, including obese with low intensity exercise [age=45.75 +/- 6.75 years, BMI=29.21 +/- 0.50 kg/m2]; obese with moderate intensity exercise [age=47.12 +/- 4.12 years, BMI= 29.59 +/- 0.127 kg/m2]; thin with low intensity exercise [age = 8 +/- 4.65 years, BMI = 21.21 +/- 0.53 kg/m2]; and thin with moderate intensity [age = 38.125 +/- 2.53 years, BMI= 21.49 +/- 0.377 kg/m2] exercise. Both the thin and obese groups with low intensity exercise ran 30 minutes per session [3 sessions/wk] for 8 weeks by 50% of the Maximum Heart Rate [MHR]. The intermediate exercise counterparts did the same exercise by 60% of MHR. Body weight at the beginning of each session and the distance run were recorded in each session. The Visual Analog Scale-based appetite questionnaires were filled in the morning of the 1st session of the first and fifth weeks and also in the morning of the day after the final session of the 8th week of the training; in all cases blood samples were taken to measure plasma acylated ghrelin level. The statistical tests used for data analysis included one-way ANOVA, ANOVA for repeated measurements, pair t-test, and partial Pearson correlation at 0.05 significance level. In all groups, feeling of hunger and plasma acylated ghrelin level increased, while body weight and satiety decreased [P<0.05]. There were significant differences in the magnitude of changes in hunger and satiety among the groups between the 4th and 8th weeks of exercise [P<0.05]. The distances run in each group between the 4th to 8th weeks were longer than those run in first 4-week of exercise [P<0.05]. The distances run by the thin groups in both the 1st and 2nd 4-week periods were longer than those run by the obese groups [P<0.05]. The data also showed that both the thin groups' exercise energy expenditures were higher than those of the obese groups between the 4th and 8th weeks of the training [P<0.05]. A statistically significant correlation was observed only in the thin group with low-intensity exercise between the body weight changes and hunger changes by the end of the 8-week period and between the aerobic exercise energy expenditure and the acylated ghrelin level changes between the 4th and 8th weeks [P< 0.05]. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between the distance run and changes in the plasma acylated ghrelin level between the 4th and 8th week of the training only in the thin group with moderate-intensity excercise [P<0.05]. It is unlikely that the aerobic exercise intensity or obesity/thinness would be the only effective factors on appetite in women. It seems moderate-intensity exercise would be preferential in weigh loss programs because of its higher energy expenditure. Additionally, it is expected that moderate-intensity exercise would give better results also in body weigh gain programs due to smaller increases in a feeling of hunger in thin individuals with low-intensity exercise. However, since true energy intake was not measured in this study [and considering lack of evidence in this area], longitudinal studies are needed to throw more light on the subject