ABSTRACT
Infertility is defined as inability to conceive after one year of regular unprotected intercourse, It is distressing and common condition affecting 1 in 6 couples about 80 million couples are affected worldwide. The main causes of infertility are abnormalities in semen, ovulatory disorder, tubal injury and blockage, para tubal adhesions and endometriosis. The objectives of this study were: 1. To find out the cause of infertility by laparoscopy in females such as adhesions, tubal blockage endometriosis. 2. To find out the incidence of various causes of primary and secondary infertility in females. This is a cross sectional study. This study was conducted at Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Jinnah post graduate Medical centre Karachi and Karachi National Hospital from Aug 2001 to 2002. A study of 80 sub-fertile woman attending infertility clinics was carried out at department of Jinnah Post Graduate Medical Centre-JPMC and Karachi National Hospital-KNH. All the patients were fully informed about the procedure of laparoscopy and written consent was taken. The patients included had their detailed history regarding infertility taken and initial examination performed including general physical, systemic as well as bimanual examination was performed and positive findings were noted according to the performa, some investigations were performed like Blood complete examination, blood group and Rh factor, pelvic ultrasound scan, husband semen analysis, day 21 progesterone of female to check ovulation. The patients who met the selection criteria were offered laparoscopy, after data collection it was entered into SPSS Version 15. Descriptive statistics were calculated. Results were than compiled keeping various parameters in observation to draw the conclusion regarding the objective of the study. Out of 80 women who had undergone laparoscopy, 60 patients had primary and 16 patients had secondary infertility. All of the women were between 20 to 40 years of age. At laparoscopy tubal blockage was the Ieading cause [31.6%]. In both primary and secondary infertility and this was followed by pelvic inflammatory disease which was present in [31.5%] cases of primary and secondary infertility. Pelvic adhesions was the third important factor found in [15.6%] of primary and secondary infertility patient. Other laparoscopic findings were endometriosis and polycystic ovaries. Laparoscopy was established as invaluable diagnostic tool in infertility evaluation and recommended in the course of investigation to find out the cause of primary and secondary infertility.
ABSTRACT
A study on 300 menopausal women from different parts of Pakistan was carried out. The average age of menopause was found to be 47.4 years. Women with early menarche had late menopause [52.1 years] as are the women with high parity [49.2 years]. Women belonging to a low socio-economical group had early menopause [46.6 years]. This study also showed that only 7% of women in the country are aware of hormone replacement therapy