Endobronchial ultrasonography for lung cancer staging in negative mediastinum on computed tomography

Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer -related deaths. Chest CT scan is fre-quently unreliable in staging mediastinal lymph node metastases of lung cancer, since interpretation relies on lesion size. EBUS offers a unique way of imaging and parabronchial structures. The pro-cedure is safe, minimally invasive and does not require general anesthesia or hospitalization. The complication rate is extremely low. This study was conducted on eleven patients who were found without CT evidence of enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes. Bronchoscopy and EBUS were performed for the diagnosis of lung cancer. TBLB of detected mediastinal lymph nodes was performed. CT guided biopsies were done for non-diagnosed cases. In this study bronchogenic carcinoma was diagnosed by bronchoscopic biopsy in 6 cases [54.5%], by EBUS-TBNA in 2 cases [18.2%], and by CT guided biopsy in 3 cases [27.3%]. From the eleven patients with negative CT scan, EBUS of mediastinal L.N was positive in four cases [36.4%]. The first case showed 2 small subcarinal L.N station [7] and 2 right hilar lymph node stations[10R]. In the second case EBUS detected 2 subcarinal lymph node stations [7] and one left hilar station [10L] In the third case there was one subcarinal lymph node station [7]. The fourth case showed a left hilar lymph node station [10L]. EBUS is safe and minimally invasive technique in the detection of mediastinal lymph metastasis. EBUS in combination with conventional radiologic tools may contribute to improve diagnosis and staging of lung cancer

Organic corrosion inhibitors for TA6V alloy in non-oxidizing acid solutions

The efficiency of the azo compounds as corrosion inhibitors for TA6V alloy in 10, 15 and 25N H2SO4 has been investigated. It was found that these compounds are good passivators. An interesting peculiarity of these inhibitors should be noted that their inhibiting influence starts at once at the moment of their contact with the metal surface, this behavior takes place only in the presence of the naturally occurring oxide layer. A mechanism for the corrosion inhibition is proposed based on the reduction of the azo compounds on the surface of the alloy; as a result the corrosion potential becomes positive, its value falling in the range in which the alloy is completely passive. Potentiostatic measurements have made it possible to establish the limits of stability of the passive state. The results of the corrosion tests agree fully with the results of the electrochemical measurements

Mechanism of anodic dissolution of lead in sodium hydroxide solutions

The potential of the lead anode was measured at a function of current density in 0.1 -1 ON NaOH solutions at 20 -50 degree. The over-potential is independent of pH in pure solutions as well as in solutions containing excess neutral salts. From the electron number [4], it was suggested that the surface lead atoms exist as diatomic molecules. A suboxide [Pb2O] is first formed, which undergoes self-oxidation to PbO. This latter step governs the overall reaction rate. The effect of temperature was also investigated. The exchange current is slightly affected with temperature