ABSTRACT
Background: Pneumonia is a lower respiratory tract infection characterized by inflammation of lung tissue accompanied by infiltration of alveoli and bronchioles. Most common type is community acquired pneumonia (CAP). Initial therapy is usually empirical that is designed to treat various pathogens. In CAP cases, antibiotic therapy should begin at the earliest. The objectives of the study include to identify most common causative micro-organisms, to assess risk of developing CAP in patients having co-morbidities, to identify most commonly prescribed antibiotic regimen.Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted for period of 6 months at RIMS, Kadapa. 120 patients were recruited based on inclusion criteria. Treatment was given according to Infectious Diseases Society of America and American Thoracic Society guidelines.Results: In a total of 120 patients, 77 were males and 43 were females. 69 patients belong to 46-55 & above age groups. 84 patients had social habits and 36 patients are without social habits. Patients with single lobe infiltrations are 105 and patients with multiple lobe infiltrations are 15. In our study, streptococcus pneumoniae and pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most common isolated organisms. Monotherapy was given for 7 patients, dual therapy for 97 patients and triple therapy for 16 patients. 33 patients received ceftriaxone (CEF) and augmentin (AUG), 29 patients received CEF and azithromycin (AZI), 7 patients received levofloxacin (LEV), 25 patients received CEF and LEV, 10 patients received CEF and ciprofloxacin (CIP) and 16 patients received CEF, AUG and AZI. 100 patients had less than 8 days of hospital stay.Conclusions: Research study concluded that ? lactum antibiotics were the most commonly prescribed class. CEF and AUG was highly recommended drug regimen.
ABSTRACT
Aims: To screen the hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of ethanol (EDH) and aqueous (ADH) extracts of roots of Doronicum hookeri Hook. f.(Asteraceae). Study design: Animal study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Anatomy (Histology section), J N Medical College, AMU, Aligarh, India, between July 2010- July 2012. Methodology: The extracts were subjected to antioxidant tests (Total reducing power and Total phenolic content) and preliminary phytochemical screening. The rats were divided into 7 groups. The Control groups comprising of normal control (Saline 1ml/kg), negative control group (CCl4) and positive control group (Silymarin 50mg/kg). The Test drugs were given in a dose of 300mg/kg and 500 mg/kg for both EDH and ADH extract. Blood was collected for assaying biochemical parameters (AST, ALT, ALP, Total Bilirubin). The liver tissue was used for histopathological examination and in vivo antioxidant tests [Catalase (CAT), Glutathione Reductase (GSH) and Malonlydialdehyde (MDA)]. Results: The phytochemical study showed the presence of flavanoids, alkaloids, saponins, cardiac glycosides. EDH 500mg/kg showed a significant (p<0.01) increased in levels of AST, ALT and ALP as compared to negative while EDH 300 mg/kg (p<.05) and ADH group showed minimal activity. The GSH (p<0.001) and CAT (p<0.05) in EDH 500 mg/kg were significantly increased while MDA levels were decreased (P< 0.01) as compared negative control. The findings were confirmed histopathological examination. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of Doronicum hookeri showed dose dependent partial hepatoprotection against CCl4 toxicity.
ABSTRACT
Until today, diabetic patients who need insulin to manage their disease had only one way to treat their condition but Exubera is an inhaled powder form of recombinant human insulin (rDNA) for the treatment of adult patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. American and European Drug Agencies (FDA and EMEA) approved the first pulmonary delivered version of insulin (Exubera®) for diabetic patients and hope that the availability of inhaled insulin will offer more options to patients for better control of their blood sugars. The safety and efficacy of Exubera has been studied in approximately 2500 adult patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. In clinical studies, Exubera reached peak insulin concentration more quickly than some insulins, called regular insulin, administered by an injection. Side effects associated with Exubera therapy seen in clinical trials included cough, shortness of breath, sore throat, and dry mouth. Exubera is not to be used for the patients who smoke or if you recently quit smoking (within the last 6 months). Exubera is not recommended in patients with asthma, bronchitis or emphysema. The main objective of this review is to elucidate the advantages and adverse events of inhaled insulin.