ABSTRACT
It was aimed in this study that the morphometric development of the hand in human fetuses throughout the fetal period be radiologically investigated and the clinical importance of this period be evaluated. A total of 50 fetuses with no external pathology or anomaly, and the ages of which varied between 20-40 gestational weeks were incorporated into the study. The fetuses were separated into groups according to gestational weeks, trimesters and months. After the general external measurements of the fetuses were performed, mammography and hand radiographies of the fetuses were shot in the way that their hands would be in a pronational position. Afterwards, the morphometric measurements of the hands were performed with the help of a digital caliper through the hand radiographies that were shot. The averages and standard deviations of the measured parameters were determined according to gestational weeks, trimesters and months. There was a significant correlation between the measured parameters and the gestational age (p<0.001). Additionally, it was observed that there was some difference among the groups in the comparison of the measured parameters involving trimesters and months (p<0.05). We are of the opinion that in evaluating the clinical studies regarding the morphometric development of the hand throughout the fetal period and in determining the pathologies and variations related to the fetal hand development, the data obtained in our study will be of use to the clinicians engaged in gynecology, and forensic medicine as well as those involved in this field.
Se investigó radiológicamente el desarrollo morfométrico de la mano en fetos humanos a lo largo del período fetal y se evaluó la importancia clínica de este período. La muestra consistió en 50 fetos de 20 a 40 semanas de gestación, sin patología externa o anomalía. Los fetos se dividieron en grupos según las semanas, trimestres y meses de gestación. Después de las mediciones externas generales de los fetos se realizaron mamografías y radiografías de mano de los fetos en posición de pronación. Posteriormente, las mediciones morfométricas de las manos se realizaron en las radiografías con la ayuda de un calibre digital. Hubo una correlación significativa entre los parámetros medidos y la edad gestacional (p <0,001). Adicionalmente, se observó que hubo una diferencia entre los grupos en la comparación de los parámetros medidos según los trimestres y meses (p <0,05). Consideramos que al evaluar los estudios clínicos sobre el desarrollo morfométrico de la mano a lo largo del período fetal y la determinación de patologías y variaciones relacionadas con el desarrollo de ésta, serán de utilidad para los clínicos intervinientes en las áreas de ginecología y medicina forense.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Pregnancy , Hand/diagnostic imaging , Hand/embryology , RadiologyABSTRACT
It was aimed that the morphometric development of calcaneal tendon and the structures building it up in human fetuses during the fetal period be anatomically studied and that its clinical importance be evaluated. The study comprised a total of 102 fetus legs (51 human fetuses: 26 male and 25 female) whose ages varied between 15-40 gestational week, without external pathology or anomaly. The fetuses were divided in groups according to gestational weeks, trimesters and months. In the wake of the general external measurements of fetuses, leg dissection was performed. Afterwards, the morphometric parameters of gastrocnemius muscle, soleus muscle and calcaneal tendon were measured. The averages and the standard deviations of the measured parameters were determined according to gestational weeks, trimesters and months. There was a significant correlation between the measured parameters and the gestational age (p<0.001). There was no difference between sexes in terms of parameters (p>0.005). All the obtained results were discussed by making a comparison between them and the previous studies made. We are of the opinion that the data obtained in our study will be of use to the involved clinicians in the evaluation of the development of calcaneal tendon and the structures constituting it during the fetal period and in clinical studies and applications as well.
El objetivo de esta investigación consiste en el estudio del desarrollo morfométrico del tendón calcáneo y las estructuras que se desarrollan con él durante el período fetal humano y evaluar su importancia clínica. El estudio comprendió un total de 102 piernas de fetos (51 fetos humanos: 26 masculinos y 25 femeninos) cuyas edades variaron entre 15 a 40 semanas de edad gestacional, sin presencia de patología externa o anomalía. Los fetos fueron divididos en grupos de acuerdo con las semanas de gestación, trimestres y meses. Luego de realizar mediciones generales externas en los fetos, se procedió a la disección de las piernas. Se midieron parámetros morfométricos correspondientes a los músculos gastrocnemio, sóleo y tendón calcáneo. Los promedios y las desviaciones estándar de los parámetros medidos se determinaron de acuerdo a la edad gestacional de los fetos, en semanas trimestres y meses. Hubo una correlación significativa entre los parámetros medidos y la edad gestacional (p<0,001). No hubo diferencias entre los sexos en términos de parámetros (p>0,005). Todos los resultados obtenidos se discutieron haciendo una comparación entre ellos y los estudios previos realizados. Los datos obtenidos en nuestro estudio serán de utilidad para los médicos en la evaluación del desarrollo del tendón calcáneo y las estructuras que lo constituyen, durante el período fetal, para la utilización de este conocimiento en estudios clínicos y diversas aplicaciones.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Achilles Tendon/anatomy & histology , Achilles Tendon/embryology , Fetal Development/physiology , Muscle, Skeletal/anatomy & histology , Muscle, Skeletal/enzymologyABSTRACT
To evaluate the development of the normal urachus during the fetal period. The study was carried out on 149 human fetuses [male 87, female 62] aged between 9-40 weeks, obtained with families' consent from Isparta Maternity and Children's Hospital, Isparta, Turkey, between 1997 and 2002. The study was carried out in the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey during 2004. The type of the urachus was assessed and was classified. The length, antero-posterior depth, and the transverse width of the urachus were measured. Finally, the relationship between the urachus and umbilical arteries was evaluated during the fetal period, whether they ran parallel to each other. Two types of urachus were observed: the inverted funnel [84%] and tubular [16%]. The length, depth, and width of the urachus increased with gestational ages in all cases. A 2% variation was observed in the neighborhood between urachus and umbilical artery. Comparing our results with previous studies, the development of the urachus can be different in neonates and children. The mean urachus length was 14.8 -/+ 7.7mm during this period. The inverted funnel type is the most common type in our study. Hence, there can be some differences in the relationship between the urachus and umbilical arteries. The data obtained in the present study can be used as base knowledge related to the development of the urachus, and for evaluating the urachus in utero pediatric urology, radiology, pediatric surgery, and fetopathology
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Pregnancy , Reference Values , Analysis of VarianceABSTRACT
To compare the proportions of white and red pulps of the human spleen during the fetal period. We performed this study in the Department of Anatomy and Pathology of Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey, from the period between 2002-2003. Spleens from 137 dead fetuses aged between 9 and 40 weeks were embedded into paraffin blocks following classical histological steps and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. White and red pulps could be differentiated only in 25 cases [13 males, 12 females]. The proportions of the areas of white and red pulps [the trabeculae were included into the red pulp and the groups of lymphocytes were included into the white pulp] were estimated by point counting method on the sections taken from different parts of the spleens by systematic randomized sampling technique. It has been ascertained that the white pulp has been distinguished from 20th week onwards during the fetal period. The proportion of the white pulp area has been found to be 22.3% [of total white and red pulp areas] at the 20th week and has come to 37.6% at the 40th week. Concerning the trimesters, the proportion of the white pulp area has been found to be 30% [of total white and red pulp areas] at the 2nd trimester and has come to 36% at full term. While the white pulp area had a positive correlation with the gestational age [r: 0.34], the red pulp area had a negative one [r: -0.34]. No difference has been found among gender. Reference values have been obtained about the proportions of white and red pulp areas of human fetal spleen