ABSTRACT
A multilocus mixed-mating model was used to evaluate the mating system of a population of Couratari multiflora, an emergent tree species found in low densities (1 individual/10 ha) in lowland forests of central Amazonia. We surveyed and observed phenologically 41 trees in an area of 400 ha. From these, only four mother trees were analyzed here because few of them set fruits, which also suffered high predation. No difference was observed between the population multilocus outcrossing rate (t mp = 0.953 ± 0.040) and the average single locus rate (t sp = 0.968 ± 0.132). The four mother trees were highly outcrossed (t m ~ 1). Two out of five loci showed departures from the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) expectations, and the same results occurred with the mixed-mating model. Besides the low number of trees analyzed, the proportion of loci in HWE suggests random mating in the population. However, the pollen pool was heterogeneous among families, probably due to both the small sample number and the flowering of trees at different times of the flowering season. Reproductive phenology of the population and the results presented here suggest, at least for part of the population, a long-distance pollen movement, around 1,000 m.
Foi utilizado um modelo de cruzamento misto multilocos para analisar o sistema de cruzamento de uma população de Couratari multiflora, espécie arbórea emergente encontrada em baixas densidades (1 indivíduo/10 ha) nas florestas de "terra firme" da Amazônia central. Inventariamos e observamos fenologicamente 41 árvores em uma área de 400 ha. Dessas, somente quatro árvores-mãe foram analisadas, pois poucas árvores produziram frutos, os quais também sofreram alta predação. Não foi observada diferença entre a taxa de cruzamento multilocos (t mp = 0,953 ± 0,040) e a taxa média de loco único (t sp = 0,968 ± 0,132). As quatro árvores-mãe apresentaram alta taxa de cruzamento (t m ~ 1). Dois dos cinco locos analisados mostraram desvios das expectativas do Equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg (EHW), e os mesmos resultados ocorreram para o modelo misto de cruzamento. Apesar do baixo número de árvores analisadas, a alta proporção de locos em EHW sugere que a população tenha um sistema de cruzamento aleatório. Entretanto, o conjunto polínico foi heterogêneo entre famílias, provavelmente pelo pequeno número e florescimento das árvores analisadas em diferentes fases da estação de florescimento. A fenologia reprodutiva da população e os resultados apresentados neste estudo sugerem que ao menos parte da população cruza via movimento de pólen de longa distância, em torno de 1.000 m.
Subject(s)
Amazonian Ecosystem , Plant BreedingABSTRACT
Dipteryx alata is a native fruit tree species of the cerrado (Brazilian savanna) that has great economic potential because of its multiple uses. Knowledge of how the genetic variability of this species is organized within and among populations would be useful for genetic conservation and breeding programs. We used nine simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers developed for Dipteryx odorata to evaluate the genetic structure of three populations of D. alata located in central Brazil based on a leaf sample analysis from 101 adults. The outcrossing rate was evaluated using 300 open-pollinated offspring from 25 seed-trees. Pollen dispersal was measured by parentage analysis. We used spatial genetic structure (SGS) to test the minimal distance for harvesting seeds in conservation and breeding programs. Our data indicate that the populations studied had a high degree of genetic diversity and population structure, as suggested by the high level of divergence among populations . The estimated outcrossing rate suggested a mixed mating system, and the intrapopulation fixation index was influenced by SGS. We conclude that seed harvesting for genetic conservation and breeding programs requires a minimum distance between trees of 196 m to avoid collecting seeds from related seed-trees.
ABSTRACT
O banco de sementes do solo foi estudado em uma floresta de galeria. As amostras de banco de sementes foram coletadas ao longo de transectos abertos perpendicularmente à área do rio durante as estações chuvosa (dezembro/1990) e seca (agosto/1991). O número de sementes encontrado nas amostras de banco de sementes proveniente da estação seca foi significativamente maior do que o número de sementes encontrado nas amostras provenientes da estação chuvosa. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram uma variação significativa entre o estoque de sementes encontrados nos dois períodos amostrados. A similaridade entre o estoque de sementes no solo e a flora local foi baixa. A alta densidade de espécies invasoras pode refletir a fragmentação e indicar o grau de perturbação da floresta.
ABSTRACT
The commonly known Pimenta longa is a commercially valuable natural resource found wild in Acre, Brazil. Specifically, three Piperaceae species with contested taxonomic status were studied, Piper hispidinervum, Piper aduncum, and Piper hispidum, to assesses the inter- and intra-specific genetic relationship of 49 Piper genotypes kept in the Pimenta longa germplasm collection at Embrapa Acre, using sixty six Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The DNA polymorphism level detected was high (96.97 percent), but the marker frequencies for each species showed polymorphism levels of 79.4 percent for Piper hispidinervum and 5.3 percent for P. aduncum. The genetic similarity clustering analysis resulted in three distinct groups corresponding to Piper hispidinervum, Piper aduncum, and Piper hispidum. Four and nine characteristic RAPD markers were identified for P. hispidinervum and P. aduncum, respectively, supporting the existence of two separate species. However, six genotypes collected in Tarauacá county formed a distinct subgroup within the P. hispidinervum group and may be considered as an ecotype of this species or an intermediate between the P. hispidinervum and P. aduncum groups. More extensive sampling of both P. hispidinervum and P. aduncum populations throughout the region are needed to further establish their relation and its implication for breeding efforts.
Subject(s)
Genetic Variation , Polymorphism, Genetic , Piperaceae/genetics , Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique , Genetic Markers , GenotypeABSTRACT
A sample of 64 progenies (320 cacao trees as a whole) from four Brazilian Amazon basins was collected and evaluated on the basis of 15 fruit and seed traits. Nested univariate analyses of variance showed significant variation across progenies and basins. However, most of the variability appeared to be due to among trees and basins differences. The multivariate analysis showed that the differentiation in cacao populations occurred among basins. Since cacao diversity was predominantly found in trees within basins and among basins, one should optimize the collecting process by taking as many trees as possible starting from few progenies and many river basins. These findings seemed to validate gene conservation efforts made to date to preserve the cacao genetic resources and provide insight into the cacao genetic structure aiming cacao collection, management and improvement