ABSTRACT
Objective To understand the situation of downward dislocation of intrauterine device (IUD) and the impact related to the effectiveness of IUD use, in China. Methods An epidemiological survey with cross-sectional, retrospective and prospective study designs was conducted to investigate 18 922 IUD users who were selected by a multi-phase stratified cluster sampling method. Results IUD's downward dislocation had been an important unsuccessful issue related to the IUD insertion that accounted for 20% of total the cases of failure. The top three failure outcomes would include extrusion,removal due to downward dislocation and unintended pregnancy. Respectively, the cumulative rates and the ranking due to IUD failure (per 100 women) in the first, third, sixth and twelfth month were shown as follows: extrusion appeared as 0.33%, 1.13%, 2.21% and 4.30%; removal as 0.10%, 0.37%, 0.80% and 2.34% ; while unintended pregnancy were 0.03%, 0.14%, 0.41% and 1.14%. Conclusion IUD' s downward dislocation made great impact on the effectiveness of IUD use that should call for attention from relative governmental sectors and researchers in the areas of prevention, diagnosis and treatment.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To investigate discrimination against people living with HIV (PLWH) and its impacts.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty people who were either HIV positive (7/40) or had high risk behavior (33/40) were interviewed. Focus group discussion was held in the interview with people who were suspected to be infected with HIV, and in-depth interview was conducted in the survey of HIV positive persons whose privacy was strictly protected to ensure the confidentiality of the collected information.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>It was identified that six forms of discrimination against people living with HIV occurred in health care service in Gejiu, including speaking to patients in an insulting manner, refusing to provide health care service, delaying treatment, treating differently, uncovering patients' privacy, and over-protecting themselves against patients. Discrimination against people living with HIV greatly affected their health conditions.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Discrimination against people living with HIV in health service has negative impact on their physical and mental health.</p>
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , China , Cross-Sectional Studies , HIV Infections , Health Services , PrejudiceABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To discuss the perioperative management of hemophiliacs A with orthopaedic complications.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>To regulate the injection of factor VIII concentrate in peroperative period by testing the level of factor VIII:C in 27 cases. The lever of factor VIII:C was improved to 30% - 50% at the day before the operation. To the severe patients, it was maintained at 58.5% - 89.3% during the operation and at 47.0% - 78.4% in postoperation. While to the gentle, it was maintained at 38.5% - 52.5% during the operation and at 29.2% - 52.3% in postoperation. The individualized surgical procedures were carried out, such as arthrocentesis, open knee synovectomy or arthroscopic synovectomy, evacuation or curettage of haematoma, debridements, internal fixation.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All patients were cured in 14 - 105 days by regulating the injection of factor VIII during the peroperative period. The usage of factor VIII was 1 200 - 70 250 IU.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>While the hemophiliacs have orthopaedic complications, it is necessary to promise the factor VIII:C being maintained at the lever of hemostasis during the peroperative period. The hemophiliacs are endurable to the operation.</p>