ABSTRACT
Recent studies of exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have indicated high potential clinical applications in many diseases. However, the limited source of MSCs impedes their clinical research and application. Most recently, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have become a promising source of MSCs. Exosome therapy based on iPSC-derived MSCs (iMSCs) is a novel technique with much of its therapeutic potential untapped. Compared to MSCs, iMSCs have proved superior in cell proliferation, immunomodulation, generation of exosomes capable of controlling the microenvironment, and bioactive paracrine factor secretion, while also theoretically eliminating the dependence on immunosuppression drugs. The therapeutic effects of iMSC-derived exosomes are explored in many diseases and are best studied in wound healing, cardiovascular disease, and musculoskeletal pathology. It is pertinent clinicians have a strong understanding of stem cell therapy and the latest advances that will eventually translate into clinical practice. In this review, we discuss the various applications of exosomes derived from iMSCs in clinical medicine.
ABSTRACT
Oligoasthenospermia is the primary cause of infertility. However, there are still enormous challenges in the screening of critical candidates and targets of oligoasthenospermia owing to its complex mechanism. In this study, stem cell factor (SCF), c-kit, and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) biosensors were successfully established and applied to studying apoptosis and autophagy mechanisms. Interestingly, the detection limit reached 2.787 × 10-15 g/L, and the quantitative limit reached 1.0 × 10-13 g/L. Furthermore, biosensors were used to investigate the interplay between autophagy and apoptosis. Schisandrin A is an excellent candidate to form a system with c-kit similar to SCF/c-kit with a detection constant (KD) of 5.701 × 10-11 mol/L, whereas it had no affinity for SCF. In addition, it also inhibited autophagy in oligoasthenospermia through antagonizing TRPV1 with a KD of up to 4.181 × 10-10 mol/L. In addition, in vivo and in vitro experiments were highly consistent with the biosensor. In summary, high-potency schisandrin A and two potential targets were identified, through which schisandrin A could reverse the apoptosis caused by excessive autophagy during oligoasthenospermia. Our study provides promising insights into the discovery of effective compounds and potential targets via a well-established in vitro-in vivo strategy.
ABSTRACT
Internationalization of the public signs contributes significantly to the popularization and the image-building of the city. Investigation of several scenic spots shows that there is much room for improvement for the translation of the public signs. The problems are revealed in the research, translation principles for public sign is discussed, and tentative suggestion is provided with consideration of the characteristics of the TCM text, which may provide a reference for standardization of translation of public signs.
ABSTRACT
Within the framework of translator's subjectivity,this paper explores professor Fang-Tingyu's philosophy in translating traditional Chinese medicine terms by taking four medical terms (miaoqiao,rouci,hexifeng,qihengli) as examples and referring to previously published interviews.The terms were chosen from his book New Chinese-English Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Second Edition).We summarized his translation philosophy as follows:to put the purpose of translation first;to trace the source and understand the source text correctly;to apply translation strategies and methods in a flexible manner;to take readers's expectations into account;to keep abreast of the progress in traditional Chinese medicine translation studies.It is conducive that traditional Chinese medicine translator's translation philosophy is from the perspective of translator's subjectivity to grasping the nature of translation and may shed light on both translation practices and studies of traditional Chinese medical texts.