Mannose binding lectin: serum level, gene polymorphism in SLE patients and its relation to lupus nephritis

Systemic lupus erythematosus [SLE] is an autoimmune disease in which the complement system plays a crucial role in its pathogenesis. Mannan-binding lectin [MBL] is a recognition molecule of the lectin pathway of complement activation. The presence of several polymorphisms at the promoter and coding regions of the MBL-2 gene determines alterations at MBL serum concentration. MBL variant alleles that lead to low serum levels and/or functional deficits of MBL are postulated to contribute to the susceptibility of SLE. Moreover, the influence of MBL variation on antibodies production and renal involvement in SLE patients remains controversial. MBL serum level and genotypes were studied in SLE patients with evaluation of its role in auto antibodies production and lupus nephritis development. MBL genotypes and serum level were screened in a case control study included 30 SLE patients as well as 30 healthy controls. MBL polymorphism at exon 1 codons 54 and 57 was detected by PCR using sequence-specific priming [SSP] and serum MBL level was determined by ELISA technique. There was predominance of AA genotype [80%] in control group. Genotype frequencies of MBL variants in patients with SLE showed significant differences when compared with controls [AA 53.3% vs 80%, P=0.03, OR = 0.29 and A O+O O 46.6% vs 20%, P = 0.03, OR =3.5, respectively]. Serum MBL in SLE patients [900 ng/ml] was significantly lower than that of the control group [2750 ng/ml, P = 0.001] with positive correlation with low MBL genotypes. SLE patients with mutant alleles were more likely to produce anti dsDNA [92.8% vs 75%, OR = 4.3] and anti-Smith antibodies [35.7% vs 18.7%, OR = 2.3]. Patients carrying MBL-low genotypes have an increased risk of development of lupus nephritis than those carrying MBL-high genotypes [64.7% vs 35.2%, P - 0.02, OR= 2.4]. MBL gene polymorphism associated with low MBL serum levels that were found with significantly increased frequency in SLE patients may be one of the genetic factors that determine the susceptibility to develop lupus nephritis

Advantages and causes of failure of intranasal endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy

The aim of this study was to evaluate the advantages and causes of failure in patients with nasolacrimal duct obstruction treated with intranasal endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy [DCR] and silicone tube intubation [STI]. Twenty-six patients with lacrimal obstruction were prospectively investigated; all of them were tested preoperatively by probing and syringing. In a mean follow up of 9.3 months, the surgical success was 73.1%. The endoscopic examination of seven patients with failure revealed granulation tissue around the tube in two patients, persistence of bone that was supposed to have been excised in the nasal cavity in two patients, atonic sac in two patients and synechia between the lateral nasal wall and middle turbinate in one patient