ABSTRACT
Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), also called black gold is an important species of husbandry animal in Nepal. Its multi utility roles in agriculture economy goes beyond providing milk, meat, manure, and draught power in many developing countries including Nepal. Buffalo faming is picking up commercial trend but issues, increasing cost of inputs, increasing resistance and troubleshooting of infective agents remains major hurdles to economic returns. A cross-sectional study using structured questionnaire survey was conducted to determine the incidence of reproductive disorders in dairy buffaloes and its associated risk factors in Sudoor Paschim Province (SPP) of Nepal from November 2020 to February 2021. Out of 389 dairy buffaloes under investigation, 220 (56.56%) had encountered at least one of the reproductive disorders. The major reproductive disorders reported in the present study included repeat breeding (24.94%), followed by cervico-vaginal prolapse (8.23%), retention of placenta (6.68%), uterine prolapse (5.40%), dystocia (4.63%), abortion (2.83%), uterine torsion (2.57%) and still birth (1.29%). Overall, it is suggested that improvement in management system, breeding system, accurate heat detection, balanced feeding, and hygienic condition should be done to minimize the reproductive health disorders in buffaloes of Sudoor Paschim Province
ABSTRACT
Lactogenesis is a complex physiology and an outcome of a successful reproductive cycle in mammalians. The purpose itself is to nourish the newborn with the nutrients necessary for its protection and growth a continuation from the in utero survival strategy. Thus, mammary development and physiology are intriguingly linked to the uterine changes that happen in a normal reproductive individual. Milk is a highly nutritious food that also favours the growth of microorganisms that can enter through the bloodstream or the discharge system. Briefly, the mastitis-induced release of inflammation mediators such as cytokines, interleukins, and prostaglandin F2? are established to be associated with infertility. Before breeding, mastitis can disrupt hormonal patterns (depression of estradiol production, delayed surge of luteinizing hormone) and delay ovulation. The issue of clinical mastitis is obvious but when subclinical mastitis persists for long the problem gets compounded. Thus, microbes get easily established in the mammary glands of buffaloes whose udder and teat anatomy, love for dirt, and swamp to wallow makes them more vulnerable exposing them to various kinds of pathogenic and opportunistic microbes. Buffaloes, by nature, have issues with silent heat, seasonal anestrus, more sensitive to direct radiation heat stress when faced with a pathological attack of infectious microbes in the milk chamber compromises their fertility.