ABSTRACT
Introduction: The larynx is an air passage and a sphincteric device used in respiration and phonation. The larynx, from inside outwards has a framework of mucosa surrounded by fibro-elastic membrane which in turn is surrounded by cartilages and then a layer of muscles.As thyroid cartilage is the largest amongst all the laryngeal cartilage, its study is helpful in constructing biomechanical model, planning of larnygoplasty, positioning of thyroplasty window and analysis of CT and MRI scan. Aim: The aim of the present study is to estimate various dimensions of Thyroid cartilages in Indian subjects. Material & Methods: 50 larynx were obtained from embalmed cadavers, of which 10 larynx were of females. Thyroid cartilage was dissected from the larynx and morphometric analysis was done. Results & Conclusions: The average maximum height of the thyroid laminae was found to be 26.56 mm. ± 2.88 mm. on the right and 26.60 mm. ± 2.84 mm. on the left in males and 24.20 mm. ± 3.89 mm. on both right and left in females. The average width of the thyroid laminae was found to be 36.83 mm. ± 3.60 mm. on the right and 37.07 mm. ± 3.67 mm. on the left side in males and 31.85 mm. ± 3.69 mm. both on right and left in females. The average internal angle of thyroid cartilage was found to be 74.40° ± 8.21° in males and 92.35° ± 6.63° in females.
ABSTRACT
Background & objectives: Pregnancy is characterized by profound changes in functions of virtually every regulatory system in human body. Blood volume increases progressively from 6 – 8 weeks of gestation & reaches a maximum at approximately 32 to 34 weeks. The increase in plasma volume (40-50%) is relatively greater than that of RBC mass (20 -30%) resulting in hemodilution & decrease in haemoglobin concentration. Thus during pregnancy the mother is under risk of developing nutritional deficiency anaemia. Hence it is decided to determine the impact of altered haemoglobin levels in second trimester of pregnancy on left ventricular hemodynamic functions in present study. Method: In present study subjects were females in the age group of 20 – 30 years with the singleton midterm pregnancy (20 -28 weeks) attending antenatal clinics of New Civil Hospital, Surat whereas the control group comprised of purposive sample (33 healthy subjects) from those attending other outpatient department in reference to comparable age, height & accessibility. Pulse and Blood Pressure was measured by standard techniques and capillary blood was collected for Hb% estimation by cynmethhemoglobin method. Finally, Echocardiography was recorded using MEGAS CVX & MEGAS GPX equipped with ADV4 software from ESAOTE s.p.a Firenze, Italy and the frequency used for Doppler echocardiography was 2.0 -2.5 – 3.3 -5.0 MHZ & sweep time was 2 – 12 seconds. Results: The observations suggest volume overload during pregnancy is a risk factor for left ventricular contractility functions. Interpretation & conclusion: Increased values of stroke volume, cardiac output & cardiac index interpret the result of inability to compensate pressure overload or elevated venous return. Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in the form of relaxation abnormalities is one of the first changes with left ventricular hypertrophy. The reduction of haemoglobin in second trimester; significantly and negatively correlates with the left ventricular cardiac function. The significant increase in CO and CI reflects a hyperkinetic heart in pregnancy. The increase in percent ejection fraction and percent fractional shortening in the study population can be best explained by Frank- Starling’s law governing the heart.
ABSTRACT
Medical education, day by day becomes more & more competitive. Students struggle hard to get admission in first M.B.B.S course. But there is a bit difference between 12th standard & medical course. Universities, Government & Medical council are thinking in terms of society & students interest. In this context, what the students think about medical education and particularly first year course is very interesting & important, in view of policy making.
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The study was carried out in various communities of Gujarat state which are still occupying particular locations of various districts in different regions. Total six communities were selected randomly. These were: Sindhi, Patel, Rabari, Kharwa (fisherman), Bhil and Siddi( negro ). Only male subjects who belonged to 21 - 50 years of age and who were not having any history of inter-caste, inter-religion marriage of their parents uptill at least 3 generations were included. The study subjects were divided into 3 age related groups: Group A: 21 to 30 years, Group B : 31 to 40 years and Group C : 41 to 50 years. 30 subjects, 10 per aforesaid age-groups (A, B and C) were studied from each community. This was followed by head measurements i.e. head length and width were obtained from each study subject ( total being 180) and by cephalic index of each study subject was determined by Hrdlicka’s method. The data were then analyzed by statistical software and to determine statistical significance chi-square and Kruskal Wallis tests were applied. The features observed were co-related with the data of cephalic indices of respective communities.
ABSTRACT
The anatomy of the supraorbital notches and foramina has been studied in 249 human skulls. Of 233 skulls, 35.62% had bilateral supraorbital notches, 21.45% had bilateral supraorbital foramina and 16.73% had a notch on one side and a foramen on other side. In present study, total 13 types of combinations were found. The average distance from the nasion to the supraorbital notch/ foramen was 24.30 mm( 16.74-31.86) on right side and 23.73 mm (15.78-31.86) on left side. The exit point can be significantly cephaled to the orbital rim. Knowledge of the anatomy of the region is important for those doing forehead and brow lift surgeries in order to avoid injuring the neuro-vascular bundle passing through these notches/foramina.
ABSTRACT
1500 metacarpals, 300 each of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th metacarpals of unknown age and sex and 200 metacarpals from 20 articulated skeletons for bilateral study where examined for the length of the bone, number, position, direction and distances from both the ends of nutrient foramina. It was observed that almost all the metacarpals has one nutrient foramen in the middle third of their shaft except in 1st metacarpal in which it was in distal third. It was observed that frequency of number of nutrient foramina differ in different metacarpals. In 1st and 2nd metacarpals foramina were situated mostly on the medial surface and in other metacarpals mostly on the lateral surface. There was a good deal of bilateral symmetry and invariably all foramina were directed away from the growing ends of the bone.
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For present work, 27 clinically diagnosed Chronic Myeloid Leukemia patients were selected, who attended the Out Patient Department of Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, Ahmedabad. In all these cases relevant history, clinical findings, haematological data and other investigations were noted & bone-marrow samples were obtained for further study, which was done at Genetics Laboratory, B.J. Medical College, Ahmedabad. Samples were cultured, harvested, slides were prepared & photographs were obtained using photomicroscope and Karyotypes were prepared by using conventional cut and paste technique. Cytogenetic evaluation was done to detect the presence of Philadelphia chromosome and/or other chromosomal abnormalities. Out of 27 patients studied, 22 cases were having mild to moderate & remaining 5 cases were having huge splenomegaly. The blood picture showed, 9 were anaemic; 11 having total leukocytic count more than 1 lakh/mm3 ; 8 cases were thrombocytopenic. 25 cases were in chronic and 2 cases were in blastic phase. Cytogenetic evaluation by Karyotypes revealed 13 Ph’ positive cases; 4 Ph’ negative; 3 mosaic & remaining 7 cases came out inconclusive. All relevant parameters including clinical, hematological and cytogenetic were evaluated, analyzed and compared with other similar studies.
ABSTRACT
For the present study subjects were randomly selected from the females in the age group of 20 – 30 years with the singleton mid-term pregnancy (20 -28 weeks) attending antenatal clinics of New Civil Hospital, Surat. The control group comprised of purposive sample (33 healthy subjects) selected from those attending other outpatient department in reference to comparable age, height & accessibility. The subjects were asked to perform valsalva manoeuvre by forcibly exhaling in an aneroid pressure measuring device (manometer) & maintain a pressure of 40 mmHg for 15 seconds or less formally the patient may be asked to bear down as if having a bowel movement. It is used as a diagnostic tool to evaluate the condition of the heart. Echocardiography was recorded using MEGAS CVX & MEGAS GPX equipped with ADV4 software from ESAOTE s.p.a Firenze, Italy. For Doppler echocardiography the frequency used was 2.0 -2.5 – 3.3 -5.0 MHZ & sweep time was 2 – 12 seconds. Our observations suggests that volume overload during pregnancy is a risk factor for left ventricular contractility functions. Increased values of stroke volume, cardiac output & cardiac index interpret the result of inability to compensate pressure overload or elevated venous return. Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in the form of relaxation abnormalities is one of the first changes with left ventricular hypertrophy. In our study sample the pregnant females after performing valsalva manoeuvre decreased mean E/A ratio was observed compared to the non pregnant females. It has been suggested that changes in the left atrial pressure may mask or mimic left ventricular diastolic function abnormalities detected by Doppler echocardiography. The valsalva manoeuvre could help better to account for the effect of left atrial pressure on the transmitral flow velocity profile & differentiate between subjects with or without LV diastolic function abnormalities.