Multi-drug resistant bacteria and associated factors among reproductive age women with significant bacteriuria

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI), an infection that disproportionately affects women, is commonly caused by bacteria. Emergence of multi-drug resistant urinary tract infections is a serious health issue with significant maternal morbidity and mortality. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of multi-drug resistant bacteria and associated factors among reproductive age women with significant bacteriuria. Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted from April to August 2016 on 424 study subjects in Jimma University Specialized Hospital. Data were collected using pretested questionnaire. Morning midstream urine samples were collected and processed following standard operating procedures. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done following Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute 2014 guidelines. Samples were tested for cell surface hydrophobicity, biofilm production, extended spectrum betalactamases and carbapenemases production. Results: The prevalence of UTI among suspected reproductive age women was 22.9%. E. coli was the most frequent isolate with a rate of 57% among isolated bacteria followed by Klebsiella species (24.7%). Over 90% of the isolates were multi-drug resistant. Resistance pattern for ampicillin was 100% followed by ticarcillin (92.4%) and colistin (86%) while less resistance rate was found for imipenem(13%). Multivariate analysis revealed that risk factors such as previous history of hospitalization, extended spectrum betalactamase production and strong biofilm production were significantly associated with multidrug resistance (p <0.05). Conclusion: The prevalence of multi-drug resistance (MDR) among isolates of UTI in the study was high and this correlates with the prevalence of virulence phenotypes. Gram-negative organisms were the most common causes of UTIs

Prevalence and associated risk factors of Hepatitis B and C virus infections among mothers in Jimma, South West Ethiopia: a community-based study

Background: Viral hepatitis affects over 400 million people globally with 6 to 10 million people newly infected each year. Viral hepatitis infectious agents such as hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are among the greatest threats to the liver and can cause liver cancer. One of the most important modes of transmission of these viruses is a vertical transmission from mother to child. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of HBV and HCV infection as well as its associated risk factors among mothers in Jimma. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 455 mothers in Jimma from June to December 2016. Simple random sampling was employed to recruit study participants and informed consent was obtained. From each mother, about 5ml of blood was collected and tested for HBsAg, anti-HBc, and HCVAg/Ab using ELISA. Chi-square and logistic regression tests were used to assess statistically significant associations between dependent and independent variables. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Result: HBsAg, anti-HBc and HCVAg/Ab prevalence was 5.7%, 30.5% and 2.5%, respectively. Multivariate logis-ic regression analysis showed that history of hospital admission (AOR = 3.098; P <0.040) and abortion (AOR = 15.514, P <0.001) remained independent predictors of HBsAg seropositivity. Conclusion: Hospital admission and abortion are the major risk factors for hepatitis B and C virus infection among mothers. Awareness creation for adult HBV vaccine and health education on modes of transmission should be promoted and strengthened

Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B virus infection and seroprotection of Hepatitis B vaccine among children in Jimma Town, South-West Ethiopia

Background: Hepatitis B virus is the leading cause of viral hepatitis and about 240 million people worldwide are chronic carriers. The virus is reported to be widely prevalent in Ethiopia and routine vaccination of children has been initiated in the country recently. We assessed the seroprevalence of HBV infection and seroprotection of HBV vaccine among children in Jimma. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 900 children who were 5-9 years of age between June and December 2016. A simple random sampling technique was employed to recruit study participants by proportional allocation into different Kebeles of Jimma. Data were collected using pretested questionnaire.3-5ml of blood sample was collected from each child and it was tested for HBsAg, anti-HBc, and anti-HBs using ELISA (Bio-rad, Monolisa, Lacquote, France). Data were analyzed using chi-square and logistic regression analysis. Result: HBsAg and anti-HBc prevalence among all participants was 3.5% and 3.8%, respectively. The prevalence of HBsAg among vaccinated and non-vaccinated children was 2.1% and 7.0% whereas anti-HBc positivity was 1.1% and 6.2%, respectively. It was also found that 58.4% of vaccinated children maintained a protective level of HB surface antibodies which is defined as ≥ 10 mIU/ml anti-HBs. While 1.8%(4/222) vaccinated children with protective anti-HBs levels were positive for hepatitis B core antibody, none of the vaccinated children with non-protective anti-HBs levels were positive for hepatitis B core antibody. Multi-variable logistic regression revealed that lack of vaccination (AOR =2.788, P < 0.029), children who were born at home (AOR= 3.211, P < 0.009), and children who had a history of hospital admission (AOR= 7.122, P <0.001) were more likely to be HBV surface antigen positive. Conclusion: The seroprevalence of hepatitis B infection is high among children who have not received HBV vaccination. Hepatitis B vaccine has contributed to the reduction of the infection in this endemic area, though further efforts are required to improve timely vaccination and its coverage. The prevalence of protective anti-HBs is low among fully vaccinated children, hence, it is better to include the monovalent birth dose of the vaccine and conduct further studies to evaluate underlining causes for the waning of serum anti-HBs level